THE NARROWING GENDER GAP IN ARRESTS: ASSESSING COMPETING EXPLANATIONS USING SELF‐REPORT,TRAFFIC FATALITY,AND OFFICIAL DATA ON DRUNK DRIVING, 1980–2004*

We evaluate two alternative explanations for the converging gender gap in arrest—changes in women's behavior versus changes in mechanisms of social control. Using the offense of drunk driving and three methodologically diverse data sets, we explore trends in the DUI gender gap. We probe for change across various age groups and across measures tapping DUI prevalence and chronicity. Augmented Dickey‐Fuller time‐series techniques are used to assess changes in the gender gap and levels of drunk driving from 1980 to 2004. Analyses show women of all ages making arrest gains on men—a converging gender gap. In contrast, self‐report and traffic data indicate little or no systematic change in the DUI gender gap. Findings support the conclusion that mechanisms of social control have shifted to target female offending patterns disproportionately. Little support exists for the contention that increased strain and liberalized gender roles have altered the gender gap or female drunk‐driving patterns.     

印度的公益诉讼制度

印度公益诉讼发端于20世纪70年代末,以司法能动主义理论为基础,在世界范围内首次将原告资格拓宽到了每一个公民,并且创立了书信管辖权制度、调查委员会制度等,以保证公益诉讼判决的实施。公益诉讼制度实施二十几年来,在创建责任政府、保护公民基本权利以及环境保护等方面都取得了显著的成就。鉴于印度和中国各方面的相似性,其制度对我国具有重要的借鉴意义。     

SOCIAL SUPPORT,INEQUALITY, AND HOMICIDE: A CROSS‐NATIONAL TEST OF AN INTEGRATED THEORETICAL MODEL*

Social support, institutional anomie, and macrolevel general strain perspectives have emerged as potentially important explanations of aggregate levels of crime. Drawing on insights from each of these perspectives in a cross‐national context, the analyses show that 1) our measure of social support is inversely related to homicide rates, 2) economic inequality also maintains a direct relationship with homicide rates, and 3) social support significantly interacts with economic inequality to influence homicide rates. The implications of the analysis for ongoing discourse concerning the integration of these criminological theories and the implications for the development of effective crime control policies are discussed.     

我国环境审判专门化的探索与发展——基于环保法庭的法律分析

环境审判专门化在生态文明建设的大背景下具有正当性和必要性。我国设立的各种环保法庭是对环境审判专门化的有益探索。但是我国的环保法庭还存在审判模式不统一、管辖权缺少法律依据、组成人员不专业等问题。环境审判专门化的制度建构应该从合理确定环保法庭的管辖权和受案范围、放宽原告诉讼资格推进环境公益诉讼、实现环保法庭组成人员的多元化、促进环保法庭诉讼与非诉讼程序的衔接等方面进行。     

美国命案状况及趋势分析

以美国联邦调查局“统一犯罪报告”中的命案统计数据为依据，介绍并分析了美国命案的发案及破案的最新状况和趋势，并对命案的某些重要特征进行了必要的分析。分析结果显示，同我国的“命案必破”相比，美国近些年来的命案发案率和命案侦破率均出现了下降的趋势。     

论保全诉讼中被申请人利益的保障

保全程序是一种单方审理程序,但是在对行为进行的保全中,由于存在"本案化"的可能,就不能一味地追求对申请人利益的保护,还需要适当地考虑被申请人的利益。一方面,最低程序保障要求从形式上保障被申请人有参与程序的机会,另一方面,在作出实质裁决的时候,应当考虑裁决的执行将会给被申请人带来的影响。     

论隐私权的法律价值

隐私权承载了极其丰富的法律价值:它明确隐私利益的权属;有效对抗公权力;成就民法总则部分设定的法律人像;更为重要的是,它可以为现代人注入新的人性元素。确认隐私权的法律价值有助于隐私权立法。     

Unemployment and Crime Rate Fluctuations: A Comment on Greenberg

Several ways in which the specification of the Cantor and Land (1985) conceptual model of transient relationships between aggregate unemployment and crime rate fluctuations differs from that of Greenberg (2001) are noted. It follows that we do not accept Greenberg's Eq. (1) as a valid theoretical representation of the processes of interest. We briefly review the substantive context from which our investigation began in the mid-1980s. We also review the time series properties of our model and of the aggregate unemployment and crime rates used in its estimation. We note how the time series behavior of various crime rates determines which parts of the Cantor and Land model are and are not likely to be estimated as statistically significant for those series. We conclude with some comments on the limitations of aggregate time series research designs for testing the behavioral hypotheses used to generate expected relationships between aggregate unemployment and crime rates and suggest some alternative research designs.     

利益变迁与意识形态创新——对社会主义意识形态建设的一种方法论思考

利益始终是意识形态的初始范畴。从利益问题着手,同时把着眼点和落脚点放在利益关系的实现上,是加强意识形态建设的一条规律性认识。     

试论行政补偿

行政补偿的实质在于调和私有财产权与公共利益的关系;它不应属于行政法责任,而是一种具体行政行为。判断公共利益应考虑国家发展目标、事业的公益性、受益对象数量、效益与损害的比较、正当法律程序等因素。城市房屋拆迁分为行政拆迁和商业拆迁,行政拆迁是政府对城市土地的征收或者征用,商业拆迁是拆迁人通过自由买卖而收购土地使用权的行为。目前应严格区分行政拆迁和商业拆迁,分别适用不同的调整方法和补偿规则,寻求相应的救济途径。