Elimination rates of breath alcohol

Legal driving limits are set coequally with 0.5 g/L blood alcohol concentration (BAC) or 0.25 mg/L breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) in Austria as well as in other European countries. As mostly some time elapses between BrAC measurement and driving offence, a back calculation of alcohol concentrations is often required. The calculation of hourly BrAC elimination rates can thereby help to avoid unnecessary variances. A study with 59 participants was performed under social conditions. BrAC was determined with the legally accredited Alcotest 7110 MK III A every 30 min, and concomitantly venous blood samples were drawn. Five hundred and four BrAC/BAC value pairs were evaluated. The overall mean peak BrAC was calculated with 0.456 mg/L (±0.119 mg/L standard deviation). The mean hourly BrAC elimination rate was overall determined with 0.082 mg/L per h (0.050–0.114, 95% range). Mean rate of females (0.087 mg/L h⁻¹) and the according 95% limits were statistically significantly higher than of males (mean rate 0.078 mg/L h⁻¹, p < 0.04). Our results confirm the possibility to implement hourly BrAC elimination rates, provided that adequate statistical ranges and basic forensic scientific rules that have been set up for alcohol back calculations are observed.     

城市规划中公共利益的内涵界定——一个城市规划案引出的思考

城市规划作为调整和分配城市空间利益的手段,必须符合公共利益。由于现代行政的任务除单纯消极的秩序维持的功能外,更包括积极的形成功能,即行政并非仅是单纯的执行法律,更应包含政策拟定与决定的成分。这使得传统的公共利益界定模式无法获得自身的必要性与确定性而备受质疑。为回应上述质疑,有必要在公共利益界定中引入民主因素——公众参与。     

论法人的精神损害赔偿

法人与自然人一样 ,有权请求精神损害赔偿 ,其精神损害赔偿的范围应从两个角度进行探讨 ,即从侵权行为所侵害的民事权利角度来看 ,法人的精神损害赔偿应适用于对法人的一切人格权的侵害和部分身份权的侵害 ;从损害利益的角度来看 ,法人的精神损害赔偿范围应该是精神利益的赔偿     

论民事证据契约

民事诉讼中的证据契约是诉讼契约的一种,是当事人双方在证据采纳和采信方面达成的约束法官心证或者与法律规定不一致的合意。证据契约的种类较多,大致分举证责任分配方面的契约、证据能力方面的契约和证据证明力方面的契约。学界基于自由心证主义对证据契约的效力多持严格限制态度。证据契约不仅有辩论主义和处分权方面的正当性,还有其他有利于当事人的价值利益。决定证据契约的效力,应当委诸于法官根据利益衡量原则进行判断,尽量认可其效力,以彰显当事人主体性原则。     

宽容与平衡:中国刑法现代化的伦理思考

作为自然属性与社会属性的统一,人性不仅是人类道德的基础,也是刑法现代化所必须具备的伦理精神。以宽容的眼光看待人性,不仅要尊重人性中利他的欲望,而且要容忍人性中利己的要求,这是人类道德的基础,也是刑法现代化所必须具备的伦理精神。而正是中国刑法人性基础的薄弱乃至于人性宽容精神的缺位,引发了中国刑法的道德化危机,并导致了中国刑法在立法制度安排、司法实务适用和刑法理论研究中的一系列误区,因而需要以利益平衡为原则,培育中国刑法的现代伦理品格。     

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND INSTRUMENTAL CRIME: ASSESSING THE EMPIRICAL VALIDITY OF CLASSIC AND CONTEMPORARY ANOMIE THEORIES*

This research assesses the empirical validity of the classic anomie theory articulated by Robert Merton and the important contemporary extension of his work encompassed in Messner and Rosenfeld's institutional anomie theory. Using a unique aggregate‐level data set, our empirical investigation reveals that, consistent with theoretical expectations, instrumental crime rates are significantly higher in areas where both a strong commitment to monetary success goals and a weak commitment to legitimate means exist. The tendency for this “goals/means” value complex to translate into higher rates of instrumental crime is reduced in the context of higher levels of welfare assistance and more frequent socializing among families. We also find that low levels of educational and economic attainment and high levels of inequality enhance the degree to which commitment to monetary success translates into instrumental crime. Overall, the findings are supportive of some claims by classic and contemporary anomie theories, but also they point to the need for further refinement of these perspectives and additional assessments of their empirical validity.     

美国妨害法在环境侵权救济中的运用和发展

环境侵权救济 ,特别是环境侵害的排除 ,关涉受害人保护和产业发展的平衡。从美国传统妨害法在环境侵权救济中的运用和发展来分析 ,其维护环境正义与经济发展双重目标的有关理论和制度值得我国环境立法和环境司法实践参考和借鉴。     

构建环境公益行政诉讼制度的设想

在《行政诉讼法》和《环境法》的修改中亟需确立环境公益行政诉讼制度。具体制度构建方面,可以考虑:赋予检察机关和公民、法人及其他组织同等的环境公益行政起诉权;设置更可行的诉讼管辖;合理确定举证责任的分配;增加判决种类,并且允许原被告双方和解;把公益诉讼纳入到法律援助的范围,同时注意平衡环境公益保护与行政权行使之间的关系。     

公司资本理念与债权人利益保护

公司资本的担保功能在实践中并未起到充分保护公司债权人的作用,相反,却限制了公司便利筹资、自由经营的空间。所以,各国资本制度逐渐转向宽松、灵活。但同时,如何保护债权人利益就凸显重要性。我国公司资本制度在适应缓和化趋势的同时,应将资本信息披露、阻止公司资产向股东的不当流失、揭开公司面纱等,作为保护公司债权人的有效措施来构建。     

信息不完全之讯问状态研究

在侦查讯问的最初阶段,犯罪嫌疑人实际上处于“迫移”状态:即必须在信息不完全的情况下从坦白、沉默和说谎三者之间做出决策。犯罪嫌疑人因此面临着首动困境,只要他先行决策,不论是沉默或是说谎,都会将自己独占的信息暴露给侦查人员,从而在接下来的讯问中形成一个信息不对称的博弈局面。讯问是一个变和博弈,就讯问双方的利益来分析,坦白的策略似乎可以建立一个双赢的局面,从而突破了首动困境。