德国土地征收中的公共利益

德国《基本法》第14条将所有权作为宪法基本权利予以保护。该条公共利益条款的本质出发点是保护私人所有权。公共利益概念在德国土地征收法上依据通说认为应作狭义理解,非所有公共利益均可满足征收法上的要件。部门法对公共利益有明确规定。学说和实务界对公共利益概念主要在负面达成了一致。就所谓的商业征收并未一般性否定。公共利益本身也与征收的必要性紧密相关。     

Beyond incubation: an analysis of firm survival and exit dynamics in the post-graduation period

With regard to the survival rates of business incubator (BI) firms, the literature mainly presents findings of failure rates only during the incubation period. Little is known about the survival or exit dynamics of firms after leaving the incubator facilities. This study approaches this research question by examining the survival of 352 firms from five German BIs after their graduation. The findings suggest that graduation causes an immediate negative effect on survivability that lasts up to 3 years after leaving the incubators. Furthermore, heterogeneous patterns of post-graduation exit dynamics between the BIs were observed. It was also found that performance during the incubation period is an indicator of the propensity of business closure after graduation. This study offers valuable insights and implications for all stakeholders of BI-initiatives.      

公司利益缺失下的利益冲突规则——基于法律文本和实践的反思

中国公司法不断完善着利益冲突的规则,其对公司实践的重要性毋庸置疑。但由于公司法受制于国有企业改革,同时在法律思维中采用权利界定方式而不是利益保护方式,现行的利益冲突规则更多表现为规制式、事前禁止的模式,同时更多地将权力上收给了股东,在法律责任上依赖于归入权,强调公司所有权而忽略了公司利益。本文回顾了利益冲突规则的引入,对现行规则中的疏漏进行了分析和批评,并结合已有的司法实践分析公司利益在法律调整中的淡化,并对这种原因进行了理论探讨。     

Cumulative impact: Why prison sentences have increased*

Why has the probability of going to prison after a felony conviction increased since the early 1980s? Social scientists often try to answer this question through macro‐level research that is aimed at examining correlations between prison admissions and crime rates or sociopolitical characteristics of states. That type of macro‐level inquiry, however, does not allow for a close examination of how characteristics of offenders changed over time, and whether such changes are consequential for understanding trends in the use of imprisonment. In the current study, I take a different approach—one in which case‐level data are observed over a lengthy time span—to investigate why the likelihood of going to prison for a given crime persistently increased for several decades. The results of analyses of more than 350,000 felony cases sentenced in Minnesota during a 33‐year period show that the probability of a defendant receiving a prison sentence increased from 1981 to 2013, as would be expected. The primary reason for the rising probability of imprisonment was the significant increase in the average offender's criminal record, which more than doubled during the observation period.     

Revisiting the Relationship Between the Economy and Crime: The Role of the Shadow Economy

Despite decades of research exploring the relationship between the economy and crime, there is a lack of clarity in this literature. Questions remain, particularly with respect to how the economy is measured and whether the relationship between the economy and crime is the same across contexts. The literature to date has overlooked what is called the “shadow” economy, which represents unreported economic activity. We examine the relationship between traditional measures of the legitimate economy (e.g. unemployment) and crime as well as whether the shadow economy moderates this relationship using a panel of U.S. states from 1997 to 2008. Our results show that the shadow economy reduces the strength of the relationship between the legitimate economy and crime, and the effect of the economy on crime is conditional on the size of the shadow economy.     

A model for ranking the punitiveness of the states

There has recently been much interest in the measurement of imprisonment rates. Since this variable has such widespread importance in criminological research and policy, new methods are called for in expanding the procedures for evaluating levels of punitiveness as indicated by imprisonment rates. This paper presents a new model using logarithmic transformations to develop a system for ranking the punitiveness of the states. Comparisons are made between different approaches to specifying imprisonment rates including controls for crime rates and arrest rates. Results of the analyses indicate that the use of this model generates somewhat different rankings of punitiveness compared with those based on sample imprisonment rates or prisoner/arrest ratios.     

美国的战略目标与东南亚

"9·11"事件后,美国全力重返东南亚,这在东南亚及其周边引起了震撼。美国关注东南亚由来已久,但当前政治、经济与安全等国家利益的需要和东南亚特殊的战略地位,使美国在东南亚倍加用心。冷战后,特别是"9·11"事件后,美国将其全球战略三大目标:安全保证、经济振兴和全球民主化,与东南亚结合起来,开拓性地把东南亚在美国战略中的角色定位为反恐第二战区、地缘战略区、经济利益区和民主扩展区。     

论公共利益及其本质属性

学术界关于公共利益是否存在的分歧,其关键在于对公共利益界定的方式不同。从亚里士多德到卢梭再到当代的社会科学家,从他们的理论中都可以找到有关公共利益理念的影子。对公共利益的理解,经历了一个从抽象的道德原则向具体个体的共同福利转变的过程。公共利益与共同利益是两个容易混淆的概念,弄清它们之间的联系有助于理解公共利益的本质。公共利益的本质属性不仅仅体现在其抽象的客观性和社会共享性方面,而且还要具体体现在具有物质形态的公共产品的非排它性上。不论从管理者的立场看还是从公众的立场看,公共利益都是公共管理的核心。     

语言政策与国家利益——以印尼华文政策的演变为例

语言政策与国家利益存在内在联系.本文以印尼政府华文政策的演变为主线,主要阐述了苏加诺时代、苏哈托时代以及后苏哈托时代印尼国家利益的变化及其对华文政策的影响.语言政策没有独立性,其目标始终对应着国家利益的需要.     

利益表达视角下对群体性事件的若干思考

由于经济、社会、政治和文化建设发展的协调性不够,各类社会矛盾和社会热点问题不断增多,并在特定情形下以群体性事件的形式显现,成为影响社会稳定的负面因素。为了促进社会和谐,公安机关要配合党委政府构建起“依法维权、违法必究”的制度化利益表达渠道、法治化利益表达秩序,并且在群体性事件处置工作中把握好现场情势判断、法律法规适用和公共关系建设等环节,维护好社会稳定。