晚近双边投资条约发展值得注意的几个特点--极力弱化东道国外资管辖权成为趋势

20世纪 80年代以来 ,尤其是 90年代以来 ,双边投资条约的迅猛发展成为引人注目的现象 ,也成为国际投资的国际法制加快发展的一个重要标志。但是晚近双边投资条约中许多条款都反映出明显的进一步削弱东道国外资管辖权的意图 ,这些意图不仅表现在对外资准入自由化的提倡和外资保护水准的提高上 ,也反映在投资待遇标准的提高和投资争议解决方法的国际化上。 2 0世纪 6 0— 70年代为联合国大会一系列决议倡导的维护东道国外资管辖权和建立国际经济新秩序的原则和规则也面临着严峻的挑战 ,这些都是应当引起国际社会关注的问题。     

INTERNATIONAL PARENTAL CHILD ABDUCTION: WHY WE NEED TO EXPAND CUSTODY RIGHTS PROTECTED UNDER THE CHILD ABDUCTION CONVENTION

The Child Abduction Convention, an international treaty, protects custody rights internationally among its member states by providing a remedy of return in cases where a child was wrongfully removed in violation of a parent's custody right. There is no such remedy for the violation of a parent's access (or visitation) rights. A ne exeat clause in a child custody agreement restrains a custodial parent from removing a child from a predetermined jurisdiction (such as a particular country) and can be issued when there is a risk that the custodial parent might flee to another country with the child(ren). Currently there is a circuit split within the United States as to whether a ne exeat right coupled with the right of access should equal a protected custody right under the Convention. Most international courts protect the ne exeat right under the Convention; however some do not. A ne exeat right should convey a protected custody right for policy reasons. The beneficial implications of a ne exeat right creating a protected custody right under the Child Abduction Convention clearly outweigh the detriments. While there is no instant solution to the inconsistencies among various courts in interpreting the Child Abduction Conventions’ scope in regard to a ne exeat right, there are ways to resolve the problem. If consistency in judicial interpretation cannot be achieved, a movement needs to be initiated to create a protocol to the Child Abduction Convention to further explain the scope of custody rights and ne exeat rights under the Convention.     

论环境行政代执行制度的普遍适用——以《水污染防治法》为例的展开

新修改的《水污染防治法》中确立了环境行政代执行制度,文章中以《水污染防治法》为例展开分析了环境行政代执行制度的构成、特点、性质。通过对现行立法的剖析,阐释了此项制度在各类环境污染治理方面普遍适用的必要性,指出了该制度普遍适用中需要注意的问题。     

知识产权犯罪案件管辖、证据问题研究

知识产权犯罪案件的管辖问题和取证问题，是实践中承办知识产权犯罪案件是急需解决的问题。我国当前刑事程序中对知识产权案件的立案管辖和审判管辖都存在着一些问题，需要从立法上来加以解决。知识产权犯罪案件证据上问题上的最大困境就是取证非常难，可以通过加强陷阱取证的运用，扩大公证取证的适用，引入民事诉讼证据保全制度和对知识产权案件的举证责任倒置等手段来加以改善。     

再论医疗事故争议纠纷的诉讼管辖

本文从正反两方面论述了医疗纠纷中以“侵权结果发生地”确定管辖权的合理性及必要性。并从司法实践出发,就如何从证据法学角度认定“结果发生地”的相关事实阐述了作者的观点。     

论检察官的刑事裁量权

传统理论认为,量刑是人民法院行使刑事案件审判权的表现,只有法官才有刑事裁量权.根据现行法律和检察工作的实际需要,检察官也应当充分行使刑事裁量权.检察官刑事裁量权具有特殊表现和特性.     

论宪法与区际法律冲突

本文通过分析宪法中的立法管辖权规范及其与区际法律冲突的关系 ,探讨了宪法与区际法律冲突之间的关系。此外 ,本文还着重讨论了中国的宪法 ,尤其是两部基本法 ,对区际法律冲突问题的影响。本文的结论强调 ,宪法在一定程度上决定了复合法域国家区际法律冲突的产生、范围及其解决途径。     

The new Basle Accord, internal ratings, and the incentives of banks

The Basle Accord of 1988 regulates how much equity banks must set aside as a cushion against the default risk. In its 1999 proposal for a new Accord, the Basle Committee seeks to introduce different equity ratios for customers of different risk levels. The proposal strongly favors external ratings as a means of risk determination. German banks, on the other hand, demand acknowledgement of their internal ratings.This paper shows that, even if assumed that banks have better diagnosis skill than external rating agencies, external ratings are better able to implement the goals of the Basle Committee than internal ratings. This is due to a lack of incentives to truthfully reveal their diagnosis results. These incentives may be provided by supervision of internal ratings, even if imperfect and only occasional. However, this requires that a fine be imposed if the supervising authority comes to a result different from the internal rating assigned by the bank.     

回族信仰习俗与其消费行为

回族的宗教信仰和习俗构成回族经济的重要组成部分。伊斯兰经济理论影响着其消费心理与行为,分析回族消费者行为模式特点、消费者群体心理与内部规范,加强回族信仰习俗研究,可以不断加快地方经济发展。     

网络侵权案件的地域管辖

网络侵权案件在确定地域管辖时 ,与一般侵权案件相比更为复杂 ,其主要原因在于网络的全球性 (其实质表现为数字传输的全球性 )等特征与地域管辖的稳定性 (即需要具体到某一特定法院处理案件 )之间的矛盾 ,因此其关键是遵循网络数字传输规则 ,找到网络与具体地域之间的实质性关联。网络侵权案件地域管辖的基础应当包括侵权行为地、原告住所地、被告住所地 ,其中以侵权行为地为主。服务器所在地应当仅指ICP服务器 (主机硬盘 )所在地 ,可作为确定侵权行为地的重要参考因素。