Routes and determinants of leaving home: the city of Gothenburg, 1915–1943

This paper deals with the home-leaving of young adults in Gothenburg, Sweden, in the period 1915–1943. We used individual-level panel data from population registers and poll-tax records, taking a competing risk design for the analysis of the determinants of leaving home to marry, or for non-familial living. We found a transitional, marriage-driven pattern of leaving home that neither fits the old context of life cycle service, nor the alternative modern routes out of the parental home into unmarried householdship. Young adults typically stayed at home until they married, although some moved out to temporary non-familial living first. Non-familial living consisted mainly of lodging in another household, but working outside it, which in a way was a forerunner of the modern pattern, in sharp contrast with the remnant of preindustrial times: the flow from rural areas into Gothenburg of teenage women immigrants to become residential domestic servants. Interestingly, we found that the main determinants of home-leaving in studies of modern-day populations were equally important in the population of Gothenburg in 1915–1943. For both young men and young women, having their own resources (employment, earnings) was positively associated with the likelihood of leaving the parental home. We also found clear gender differences. A higher level of human capital of the father was associated with later home-leaving to marry for sons, and earlier leaving for non-familial living for daughters. Lower levels of household income, or the presence of minor siblings or a widowed parent were push factors for non-familial living for daughters. We found no similar push factors for sons.     

Data protection 1998–2008

This article reviews key developments in data protection legislation, case law and practice between 1998 and 2008. Over this time data protection has become a mainstream compliance topic for business and government alike. Having started in 1998 as a specialist area of limited general application, over the decade this area of law has been widely applied to access rights, international transfers of information and data losses. We are now seeing major changes in enforcement of data protection legislation (including the power to fine and increased use of audits) which will continue the focus on compliance.     

Does strong patent protection facilitate international technology transfer? Some evidence from licensing contracts of Japanese firms

This paper examines how patent protection in a technology recipient country affects international technology transfer. A theory suggests that the effect of stronger patent protection on technology transfer is negative if the binding constraint is the imitation profitability and positive if it is the incentive for the licensor to undertake technology transfer. We evaluate these implications by examining the variations of the structure of licensing contracts across countries, based on a newly collected database of licensing contracts by Japanese firms. Our major findings are the following. First, the incidence of know-how licensing, either in the pure or in the bundled form, relative to that of pure patent licensing, declines significantly with the level of foreign patent protection. This indicates a limited role of patents for facilitating know-how licensing. Secondly, the probability and the strength of ownership control by a licensor declines with the level of patent protection, indicating a positive effect of stronger patent protection in expanding the scope of the recipients of technology transfer.

中国国际私法立法问题论略

中国国际私法立法问题涉及相互关联的四个向度.在立法理念层面,我国围际私法立法应采公平优先、兼顾效率的方略.在立法技术层面.应当注意国际私法立法的逻辑周延性和体系的系统性.在立法形式层面,宜采用管辖权、法律选择和司法协助三大内容的综合性法典形式.在立法内容层面.则须响应当代涉外民事交往的复杂化、专业化、网络化和契约化等发展趋势,从而在内容构造和设定上反映出本时代的精神.     

公正审判权的宪法性论说

从公正审判权在法律中的地位来看,公正审判权属于宪法性权利。公正审判权作为宪法性权利在许多国家的宪法中已经得到直接或间接的体现。公正审判权符合宪法权利的几个基本特征:公正审判权是公民所享有的重要的基本权利之一;公正审判权规制国家权力与公民权利之间的关系;公正审判权具有母体性;公正审判权是其他权利无法替代和不可转让的一项权利。     

海牙《扶养义务法律适用议定书》新规则探究

涉外扶养是当今国际社会民事领域的热点问题,我国已签署的于2007年11月通过的海牙《扶养义务法律适用议定书》,是海牙国际私法会议最新的有关涉外扶养法律适用的国际条约。文章通过深入研究该议定书的新规则,探求其优势所在及存在的缺陷,以期得到国内学界的关注。     

试论我国国际私法的健全与完善

伴随着现代生命科学技术的发展,各国纷纷制定或加强了本国的生命科技立法,由此引发了很多新型的民事法律冲突.这类新型的法律冲突充分暴露了我国国际私法的缺陷.立法机关应采取相应的立法对策完善我国国际私法.     

讯问笔录中特殊语言的记写规范探讨

写作是一门实践性极强的学科,因此在公安院校的写作教学中,除了写作理论的讲授外,重要的是训练学生掌握实际操作的能力。讯问笔录作为诉讼证据之一,或作为记载固定违法犯罪证据的手段之一,具有不可替代的作用。办案实践中,不少讯问笔录不符合写作和法律规范,存在这样那样的问题或质量不高。侦查人员要作好讯问笔录,事先应熟悉案情,作好讯问计划,同时应掌握一些特殊语言的记写方法。     

The use of seclusion in the Netherlands compared to countries in and outside Europe

The use of seclusion in psychiatric practice is a contentious issue in the Netherlands as well as other countries in and outside Europe. The aim of this study is to describe Dutch seclusion data and compare these with data on other countries, derived from the literature. An extensive search revealed only 11 articles containing seclusion rates of regions or whole countries either in Europe, Australia or the United States. Dutch seclusion rates were calculated from a governmental database and from a database covering twelve General Psychiatric Hospitals in the Netherlands. According to the hospitals database, on average one in four hospitalized patients experienced a seclusion episode. The mean duration according to the governmental database is a staggering 16 days. Both numbers seem much higher than comparable numbers in other countries. However, different definitions, inconsistent methods of registration, different methods of data collection and an inconsistent expression of the seclusion use in rates limit comparisons of the rates found in the reviewed studies with the data gathered in the current study. Suggestions are made to improve data collection, to enable better comparisons.     

国际人权公约与中国刑事诉讼制度改革

我国于1998年签署了《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》,该公约确立了一系列有关刑事诉讼的国际准则。基于"条约必须信守"的原则,如何以刑事诉讼的国际准则为参照,推进我国刑事诉讼法的改革和完善,是我国当前刑事司法制度改革所面临的重大问题。本文以国际人权公约的批准和实施为视角,对我国刑事诉讼程序与国际准则的一致性与差异性进行了分析研究,并就刑事司法改革的若干重大问题提出了相应的建议。