关于“预交罚金”对量刑影响的实证研究

以2014年全国范围内敲诈勒索罪判决书为样本的实证研究发现,预交罚金会对被告人的量刑产生从宽处罚的效果。这种从宽体现在具有预交罚金情节的被告人更可能被判处较轻的刑种、较短的刑期以及适用缓刑。预交罚金不仅违背无罪推定原则和基本的形式逻辑,更会对被告人造成明显的不公,建议最高司法机关明确禁止在判决宣告前预交罚金。     

从“分体”到“分层”：中国特色贿赂犯罪罪名体系的历史嬗变与时代跨越

贿赂犯罪罪名体系与治理结构的构建，是“中国式”腐败治理理念、智慧、资源与立法技术的结晶。中国特色罪名体系的发展，始终围绕扩张犯罪主体类型而展开，形成了“分体式”发展模式，却忽视了对行为类型的重新识别、拓展以及规制对象的有效性等问题。在“分体式”罪名体系中，贿赂犯罪的治理结构以对价关系为基础设定罪名结构；以结果本位为基础设定评价基准；以差异化治理策略为基础设定配刑原则。国家治理现代化的全面推进，对罪名体系建设原理的代际更新提出了全新要求：在体系建构基础上，应当实现由单一“分体式”立法向“分体+分层”立法的转型，引入行为类型的立法导向；在要件设定基础上，实现从以对价关系为中心向以公权伦理为基础转向的完善；在犯罪治理结构上，实现从“差异式”治理走向“全链条式”“同一性”治理的更新。     

电子商务平台经营者涉税信息报送义务履行的规范化研究——基于我国《电子商务法》第28条规定的阐释

基于协助税收征管的需要,平台经营者应依法定条件和法定程序向有管辖权的税务部门履行报送平台内经营者涉税信息的义务。我国《电子商务法》设置涉税信息报送义务旨在防范数字经济时代下税收征管的失灵、实现税负的公平负担。该法规定的平台经营者涉税信息报送义务面临履行主体过于宽泛、履行对象含混模糊、履行内容有待明确、履行监督效果欠佳等突出问题。有必要通过我国《电子商务法》施行细则,允许平台委托报送、降低初创型平台报送负担、建立跨境报送国际协调机制,以界分平台经营者职责;经由分层化管理平台内经营者与细分服务领域,以厘清该义务的履行对象范围;通过制定信息报送正面清单、明确报送部门、统一报送时间、流程和方法,以明晰该义务的履行内容;通过丰富事后行政查处机制与强化事前合规指引,以激励该义务的有效履行。     

罪量在阶层犯罪论体系中的地位

我国刑法典中充斥着大量表征行为及结果程度的词语，学者称之为“罪量”。任何犯罪构成理论都必须以法条为依托，理论上的犯罪构成体系需要为法典中每一元素在体系中的地位做出符合逻辑的安排与说明。引进德日阶层犯罪构成理论之后，为了让该理论更加契合于我国的刑法典，罪量在该体系中应重新定位于违法性阶层之中。其中一些罪量是犯罪成立的消极判断，可视为“违法阻却事由”，另一些则可借鉴“可罚的违法性”理论加以认识。     

Digital evidence strategies for digital forensic science examinations

Given the size and complexity of many digital forensic science device examinations, there is a need for practitioners to formally and strategically determine a course of conduct which allows them to undertake the most robust and efficient examination possible. This work outlines both the need for practitioners to have a digital evidence strategy (DES) when tackling any given examination scenario, how to construct one and the concerns which exist when no formal DES is in place. Approaches to DES development are examined and the context to which they should be deployed are analysed, with focus being on the use of DESs at the examination/processing stage of the investigative workflow. Finally, a ‘DES skeleton’ is offered to guide practitioners as they seek to create their own DES.     

Terrorism,Conflicts and the Responsibility to Protect Cultural Heritage

Abstract

Intentional destruction of cultural heritage is a well-known phenomenon which has been particularly exacerbated in recent times. Its common denominator is represented by the intent to persecute the communities for which that heritage represents an essential element of their cultural identity and distinctiveness. In legal terms, it produces different implications, to the point that – depending on the circumstances in which it is perpetrated – it may be qualified as a war crime, crime against humanity, violation of internationally recognised human rights, or evidence of the existence of the intent to commit genocide. Since the whole international community is seriously affected by the destruction of cultural heritage, it is indispensable that the doctrine of responsibility to protect (R2P) be put into practice seriously and effectively with the purpose of protecting humanity against the irreplaceable loss of its heritage.     

Expanding the Boundaries of Criminal Justice: Emphasizing the “S” in the Criminal Justice Sciences through Interdisciplinary Efforts

At its very core, the phrase “criminal justice sciences” points to the interdisciplinary nature of our field. However, efforts to promote and support interdisciplinary teaching and research face significant barriers. In this paper, I address how interdisciplinarity is conceptualized, the history of criminal justice as an interdisciplinary field, why we should promote interdisicplinarity, barriers we confront in interdisciplinary efforts, the degree to which ACJS members engage in interdisciplinary practices, factors related to interdisciplinarity, and opportunities for increased interdisciplinary research in criminal justice. To grow as an academic field, I conclude that we must look to other disciplines such as biology, computer science, policy, and women’s studies as we expand our disciplinary boundaries.     

Fear,Social Interactions,and Violence Mitigation

The fear of crime is generally considered as a social ill that undermines dimensions of individual well-being. Prior research generally specifies the fear of crime as an outcome variable in order to understand its complex etiology. More recently, however, researchers have suggested fear has a deterrence function whereby it reduces individuals’ involvement in violent encounters. This notion could hold important clues to understand the social sources of violence. We examine whether the fear of crime inhibits involvement in violent encounters, both as offender or victim, and if adjustments in routine activities explain these effects. The results suggest fear of crime reduces violence involvement, in part, by constraining routine activities. We conclude that the fear of crime appears to be a mechanism of violence mitigation that, paradoxically, bolsters physical well-being. The results are discussed with regard to their implications for criminological theory and research on interpersonal violence.