从基尼系数看户政制度

户政制度作为行政管理法律制度,应建立于经济基础之上,符合法学理论原则。本文以马克思主义经济基础与上层建筑关系理论为指导,运用法学理论知识和经济分析指数,从生产关系的三个方面——所有制、劳动关系以及分配制度考察了我国的户政制度。     

关于企业短期偿债能力评价的几点思考

企业的短期偿债能力的评价,对企业和企业的债权人都是很重要的,在分析评价企业短期偿债能力时应注意:一是科学、全面、综合地分析评价;二是根据企业自身的特点,具体情况具体分析,不可强求一律;三是抓住关键,重点考虑现金流量;四是与企业的偿债能力和盈利能力的分析联系起来。     

企业合理负债经营的界定分析研究

企业利用债务资本要有一个合理的“度”，利用财务杠杆收益适度负债让企业的利润达到最大化。本文讨论了现代企业适度负债的必要性，引出了衡量企业偿债能力指标——资产负债率，然后提出了合理界定企业资产负债率的方法，根据该种界定的方法找出企业负债最适宜的“度”，对企业经营者正确地对待负债提出建议。     

外商投资股份有限公司的若干法律问题探讨

外商投资股份有限公司在其组建、运作过程中存在一些特殊问题 ,这些问题在现行法律、法规中虽有相关规定 ,但很不完善。本文针对外商投资股份有限公司的发起人、外资股的股权比例、组织机构、股东权的保护等亟待解决的问题进行了探讨     

多系统联合分析应用于复杂亲缘关系鉴定

目的探讨多种检测系统用于祖孙、同胞等复杂亲缘关系鉴定的效能。方法采用常染色体、性染色体STR检测系统以及常染色体STR基因座累计状态一致性评分方法筛选符合要求的参照样本,分析复杂亲缘关系鉴定中缺失被鉴定人的等位基因,对无法重建的＂空白＂等位基因,以最不利于＂认定亲缘关系＂的假设取概率值计算似然率。结果在一复杂亲缘关系鉴定案例中,从8个声称的全同胞中筛选出5个符合同父同母遗传条件的全同胞作为参照样本用于重建缺失被鉴定人等位基因,重建的父母相关基因型符合作为被检女孩亲生祖父母的遗传基因条件,祖孙亲缘关系似然率为1483659.96。结论在复杂亲缘关系鉴定中联合协同应用常染色体STR基因分型、性染色体STR基因分型、生物学全同胞关系累计状态一致性评分标准等多种分析系统有利于获得更接近真实的案件结论。     

甘肃省装备制造产业结构的发展演化：2002—2012

该文通过构建结构相似系数、产业需求弹性系数以及比较劳动生产率等统计量,探寻甘肃省装备制造产业发展演化过程中的特征和规律。研究发现,甘肃省装备制造产业结构整体上呈现出趋同性,但也有部分产业与其他产业间存在分化的迹象;金融制品产业市场容量存在进一步缩小的趋势,交通运输设备制造业在多数年份的市场容量均较小;产业内部的劳动生产率存在明显的差异性,且其变动趋势也不尽相同。     

尿中MDMA及其代谢物的GC和GC／MS分析

考察MDMA在人体内的代谢以及建立尿中MDMA和体内主要代谢物MDA的分析方法。尿样水解后经液-液提取处理,用GC／MS（EI、PCI）和GC／FID法分析。人摄入MDMA后尿中MDA和原体MDMA比约为0．10～0．14。GC／MS／SIM和GC／FID法的最低检出限为2ng／ml和50ng／ml,回收率大于85％,变异系数小于10％。该法简便快速、灵敏度高、结果可靠,可用于MDMA滥用者的尿样鉴定。MDA／MDMA浓度比可作为评判毒分结果的参考指标。     

Using the likelihood ratio in bloodstain pattern analysis

There is an apparent paradox that the likelihood ratio (LR) approach is an appropriate measure of the weight of evidence when forensic findings have to be evaluated in court, while it is typically not used by bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) experts. This commentary evaluates how the scope and methods of BPA relate to several types of evaluative propositions and methods to which LRs are applicable. As a result of this evaluation, we show how specificities in scope (BPA being about activities rather than source identification), gaps in the underlying science base, and the reliance on a wide range of methods render the use of LRs in BPA more complex than in some other forensic disciplines. Three directions are identified for BPA research and training, which would facilitate and widen the use of LRs: research in the underlying physics; the development of a culture of data sharing; and the development of training material on the required statistical background. An example of how recent fluid dynamics research in BPA can lead to the use of LR is provided. We conclude that an LR framework is fully applicable to BPA, provided methodic efforts and significant developments occur along the three outlined directions.     

Comparisons of familial DNA database searching strategies

The current familial searching strategies are generally based on either Identity-By-State (IBS) (i.e., number of shared alleles) or likelihood ratio (i.e., kinship index [KI]) assessments. In this study, the expected IBS match probabilities given relationships and the logic of the likelihood ratio method were addressed. Further, the false-positive and false-negative rates of the strategies were compared analytically or by simulations using Caucasian population data of the 13 CODIS Short Tandem Repeat (STR). IBS ≥ 15, IBS ≥ 16, KI ≥ 1000, or KI ≥ 10,000 were found to be good thresholds for balancing false-positive and false-negative rates. IBS ≥ 17 and/or KI ≥ 1,000,000 can exclude the majority of candidate profiles in the database, either related or not, and may be an initial screening option if a small candidate list is desired. Polices combining both IBS and KI can provide higher accuracy. Typing additional STRs can provide better searching performance, and lineage markers can be extremely useful for reducing false rates.     

Handwriting evidence evaluation based on the shape of characters: application of multivariate likelihood ratios

A novel Bayesian methodology has been developed to quantitatively assess handwriting evidence by means of a likelihood ratio (LR) designed for multivariate data. This methodology is presented and its applicability is shown through a simulated case of a threatening anonymous text where a suspect is apprehended. The shape of handwritten characters a, d, o, and q of the threatening text was compared with characters of the true writer, and then with two other writers, one with similar and one with dissimilar characters shape compared to the true writer. In each of these three situations, 100 draws of characters were made and the resulting distributions of LR were established to consider the natural handwriting variation. LR values supported the correct hypothesis in every case. This original Bayesian methodology provides a coherent and rigorous tool for the assessment of handwriting evidence, contributing undoubtedly to integrate the field of handwriting examination into science.