《钦定宪法大纲》内容解读

《钦定宪法大纲》只有"君上大权"和"附臣民权利义务"两部分内容,虽然带有浓厚的封建性,但通过对大纲具体条文的分析,我们可以看到,大纲的诸多条文仍不乏合理性、进步性和民主性,大纲在一定程度上带有资产阶级民主主义的内容,基本上是一个资产阶级的宪法性文件,其宪政色彩初露端倪。     

The Dissemination of Detainees Awaiting Trial Before International and Internationalized Criminal Tribunals

This paper will focus on the rights attributed to detainees who are facing charges before international and internationalized criminal courts. The question is whether their position merits a different approach compared to the position of detainees who are confronted with domestic criminal trials. In particular, this paper will address the question whether, and to what extent, international human rights have a direct effect on the position of the former detainees. Attention will focus on case law of the European Court of Human Rights vis-a-vis the rights of detainees and the impact thereof on the position of detainees who are held in custody on behalf of international and internationalized criminal courts. The author is Professor of International Criminal Law at Utrecht University (The Netherlands), defence counsel acting before the ICTY, ICTR and SCSL, and a partner of the law firm Knoops & Partners Advocaten in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.     

欧洲宪法法院给我国违宪审查制度建构的启示

违宪审查制度是人类政治与法治史上最重要的制度之一,也是现代国家限制国家权力、保护公民权利最有效的手段。我国应借鉴欧洲宪法法院违宪审查的经验,逐步建构我国的违宪审查制度,设立专门的宪法救济机构,规定公民个人作为启动宪法救济的主体,规定具体的宪法救济方法与程序,并在时机成熟时将那些侵害公民宪法权利的案件逐步交给普通法院解决。     

我国民事审级制度之重构与优化

审级制度是一项基本的民事诉讼制度 ,其基本功能有二 :即纠正错误判决和统一法律见解。我国四级二审终审的民事审级制度的建构 ,由于欠缺审级制度功能论和相关民事诉讼基本原理的考虑 ,造成了司法实践中的种种弊端和制度体系上的不和谐。因此 ,有必要借鉴国外的立法经验 ,并遵循审级制度的基本原理 ,重构我国四级三审终审的民事审级制度 ,在重构的基础上优化具体程序的设计。     

确保审判不受传媒干扰的法律思考

传媒对诉讼案件的不规范报道在很大程度上干预了独立审判 ,而现代法制国家关于报道诉讼案件应遵循的规则早已成为系统的法律规定。我国应借鉴域外的调整规则 ,根据中国国情 ,应对传媒采访报道诉讼案件的时间、方式、范围以及对录音录像等设备的使用进行规范 ,设置传媒采访报道诉讼案件的相应规则 ,并运用现有的法律规定 ,最大限度地消除传媒报道对审判的负面影响 ,确保审判不受其干扰。     

刑法的理性与宽容:面对联合行动权的行使

在当代中国,制度性疏导应当是解决社会矛盾、化解社会问题的基本选择。作为基本人权与宪法权利,联合行动权的存在与运行是实现国家与社会力量平衡的一种手段;联合行动权的行使本身凸显了某些社会问题的重要性与严重性,促使人们关注这类问题(包括规则本身)的严重性质与解决机制;宪法秩序范围内的联合行动权的行使可以起着社会安全阀的作用,它本身具有宣泄社会不满的功能并从根基上稳固社会。刑法在由联合行动权行使而引发的社会问题面前,应当保持基本的理性与宽容,包括立法的“犯罪化”、司法的“犯罪化”与“刑罚化”。     

How the court made a federation of the EU

We analyze the European institutional integration that took place in the 1950s and 1960s as a two-stage process. Firstly, an explicitly political project aims at establishing a European political community. The project is abandoned in the mid-1950s and political integration stops. At that time, the institutions of the Union take the form of a confederation. In a second stage, because of the failure of the European political community, a legal process of integration driven by the European Court of Justice takes place. This second stage of unification is more centralizing and in effect leads to a federalization of the European institutional structure. The transformation of the political structure of the European Union thus appears to result from the actions and decisions of a legal entity, the European Court of Justice.      

庭审中心主义理念下侦查模式的变革

在强调法治、人权的时代,无论从价值取向还是实践的效用来看,英美法国家“庭审中心主义”的诉讼构造越来越得到理论界的认可。大陆法国家也已经、正在并将继续从英美法国家中吸收越来越多的制度设计,可以说“庭审中心主义”的诉讼构造是各国发展的一个趋势。在这种潮流下,我国的刑事诉讼程序已经作了部分变革,基本上可以说是已经具有“准庭审中心主义”的诉讼构造。但是,侦查模式却与”庭审中心主义”的要求格格不入。可以各国侦查模式的共性作为我国侦查模式变革的模板,变革我国侦查模式。     

法院人事制度改革中对资深法官的保护

学问渊博、经验丰富的资深法官是不可多得的司法财富 ,我国应从人事制度上给予他们特殊的对待和保护。     

Government accountability and voting choice in Italy, 1990–2008

Between 1996 and 2008 Italy has experienced four government alternations in as many consecutive elections. It could be argued that after the dramatic party change that occurred in the early 90s the Italian system is in a state of constant flux and voters appear rather bewildered. This paper presents an opposite argument, showing that voters' choice reflects the greater importance of valence politics – performance, the economy – acting as a cue to voting behaviour, interacting with a long-term political predisposition. In turn, this promotes parties' responsiveness and accountability since the overall performance of a government – even of a coalition government – appears as a goal to be shared by all partners, under the threat of defeat for all. The analysis is carried out employing the Italian National Elections Studies series.