欧共体法中的相称性原则

相称性原则是欧共体法中的一项一般法律原则。其适用范围不仅包括共同体措施 ,而且包括成员国国内措施 ;不仅适用于行政行为 ,也适用于立法行为。适当性、必需性和最小限制性是相称性原则的三个构成要素。相称性原则与从属原则既有密切联系 ,也有本质区别。就其功能而言 ,相称性原则是欧共体法院司法审查的基础 ,是支配共同体行使权能的原则 ,是建立内部市场的指导原则     

The Jews of early modern Marburg, 1640s—1800: A case study in family and household organization

This article examines Jewish household and family organization in a middle-sized German city, the Upper Hessian regional center of Marburg, the population of which ranged from 2500 to 6000 from the Thirty Years War to the end of the 18th century. Some general hypotheses about population development, household structure, and family life conveniently summarized by Toch [Toch, M. (1995). Aspects of stratification in early modern German Jewry: Population history and village Jews. In R. P. Hsia & H. Lehmann (Eds.). In and out of the ghetto: Jewish-Gentile relations in late medieval and early modern Germany (pp. 77-89). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press] serve as an organizational frame for the case study. In Toch's view, Jews' comparative wealth, as well as governmental restrictions on their settlement and marriage in central Europe, led to their having larger and more complex households than those of the Christian majority. While household enumerations over time confirm several of Toch's observations, especially the larger size of Jewish families, neither Hessian settlement policy nor local Marburg opposition prevented the Jewish minority of about 1% from keeping pace with general population growth. Moreover, Jews did not respond to their regulated living conditions and status as cultural outsiders with a family organization exhibiting remarkably more internal complexity than did Christian households.     

社区警务建设是社会治安治本的根本出路

社会治安治本的根本出路在社区警务建设。从理论上分析,社区警务的起源、发展和内涵以及社区警务建设的核心和原则,充分体现了社会治安治本的原则;从社会实践看,社区警务建设有助于打造治安防范的铜墙铁壁,达到社会治安治本的目标。     

形式化与合法性——城市社区基层制度结构的变动及功能解释

随着城市规模的迅速扩张,国家行政干预力量也在逐渐减弱,社区自治有了新的可能。但是,我国各地的民主自治基本还处于"形式化"的初级阶段,社区成员的社区自治意识淡薄,参与能力欠缺,这是影响和阻碍基层民主建设的重要因素;社区民主自治发展程度取决于城市财政支持力度、居民参与积极性和热情,以及行政执行力和社区干部的工作能力。总体来看,社区民主自治是一场由政府推动的民主化运动,因此它的合法性也就来自于政府。     

社区警务的含义及特点

社区警务的实质是一种以警民合作为核心的警察哲学和由此衍生出来的以预防为主、以民为本的警务策略。其特点在于在重视打击的同时也重视防范 ;强调与社会公众合作 ;强调以社区服务为基本形式 ;组织策略是充分授权的 ;重视警民关系。社区警务最根本之处在于深入社区、警民合作、依靠群众。     

论社区安全防范体系的整体构建

社区警务思想是整体构建社区安全防范体系的理论基础。社区警务是指警察与社区公众有机结合,共同探讨和解决可能影响或制约社区正常生活质量的各种问题及潜在的越轨隐患,以达到预防和惩治违法犯罪、确保社区长治久安目的的警务战略思想。     

社区选举与民主化进程——选举制度及其变异

在推进民主化过程中,人们往往把遇到问题的原因归结为民众的参与不足和民主意识薄弱,其实,“不参与”和“没有意识”同样是民主的一种表现形式。调查表明,现在社区选举和民主自治的“走过场”现象,是民主制被形式化的证明,这是制度变异的结果。而只有符合居民利益需要的,从社区实际中设计出来的民主制度才是合适的,能够被居民接受和执行的民主。显然,在中国,基层社区的民主化是一个长期的、循序渐进的过程。     

A Comparative Perspective of Community Policing in Taiwan and Washington State

This study explores the attitudes and behaviors of Taiwanese police officers regarding community oriented policing (COP) by comparing their attitudes and behaviors with those of officers in Washington State. Data used in the study were collected from 375 Taiwanese line officers assigned to the city of Tainan and 167 American line officers from various police and sheriffs’ departments in Washington State. The study finds that (1) Taiwanese and American officers hold similar opinions of COP’s potential to reduce crime; (2) both groups are similarly involved in implementing the various strategies of COP; yet (3) American officers are more involved in formulating (planning/devising) COP strategies; and (4) are more receptive to citizen involvement in COP; while (5) Taiwanese officers are more receptive to civilian oversight, and (6) are more amenable to applying COP outcomes for evaluative purposes than are their American counterparts. Policy implications and areas for future research are discussed.

韩国社会服务令对我国社区矫正制度的启示

我国借鉴西方经验对监外执行制度改革,在新修订的刑法、刑诉法中分别首次确认了社区矫正刑罚制度及其运行机制。韩国刑罚制度中已将社会服务令引入法制体系十几年,目前已发展为一种综合性惩治犯罪的选择性措施广泛的适用。对韩国社区服务令进行深入研究,对推动我国社区矫正刑罚制度的进一步完善具有重要的理论与实践意义。     

Community Wise: Paving the way for empowerment in community reentry

Theoretical approaches traditionally applied in mental health and criminal justice interventions fail to address the historical and structural context that partially explains health disparities. Community Wise was developed to address this gap. It is a 12 week group intervention informed by Critical Consciousness Theory and designed to prevent substance abuse, related health risk behaviors, psychological distress, and reoffending among individuals with a history of incarceration and substance abuse. This paper reports findings from the first implementation and pilot evaluation of Community Wise in two community-based organizations. This pre–posttest evaluation pilot-tested Community Wise and used findings to improve the intervention. Twenty-six participants completed a phone and clinical screening, baseline, 6- and 12-week follow-ups, and a focus group at the end of the intervention. Measures assessed participants' demographic information, psychological distress, substance use, criminal offending, HIV risk behaviors, community cohesion, community support, civic engagement, critical consciousness, ethnic identification, group cohesion, client satisfaction, and acquired treatment skills. Research methods were found to be feasible and useful in assessing the intervention. Results indicated that while Community Wise is a promising intervention, several changes need to be made in order to enhance the intervention. Community Wise is a new approach where oppressed individuals join in critical dialogue, tap into existing community resources, and devise, implement and evaluate their own community solutions to structural barriers.