物尽其用与物权法的立法目标

物尽其用作为现代物权法的立法目标之一日益得到肯定和重视。以物尽其用的立法目标观察我国当下的物权立法,可知物权法草案在立法原则、具体制度和规则等方面仍然存在一定的偏差。为充分实现物权法的作用,物权法草案必须全面体现物尽其用。     

"从归属到利用"——我国土地使用权制度变革的思路及模式选择

在我国,土地使用权制度体现了传统民法以归属为中心的理念,而学者对此却颇多争议.通过对我国土地使用权制度性质的分析,选择了三种主要的法律变革的思路及模式进行分析,并结合法律经济学的思路分析我国应有的模式选择,以求对我国土地使用权制度的法律变革有所裨益.     

保险资金运用法律制度研究

保险资金的有效运用,在现代保险业乃至金融业的发展上,都具有重要的意义。现阶段我国由于缺乏法律上的严格规范,出现盲目投资,形成大量不良资产,产寿险资金混用,投资效率低下,造成保险业经营困难。各国保险资金运用规范。我国应允许保险资金运用于优质的公司债券、股票、不动产等,将比例限制引入保险法律之中。建立完善的保险资金管理体系,以法律规范行为完善资金管理体系和监管体系。     

破产程序的法理分析

在整个破产程序中,当事人间时有对抗时有合作,争讼性与非争讼性交替出现,法院应分别适用诉讼程序与非讼程序处理不同阶段的破产事务.涉及当事人重大利益且发生争议的事项,应以诉讼法理为主导设计相应的处理程序,以增强破产案件处理的正当性;所涉事项并无争议,或不涉及当事人实质性利益的,则应以非讼程序为主导,以达到经济、迅速地处理破产案件的目的.这种诉讼性与非讼性交替出现表现了破产程序的复合型程序性质.     

土地所有权权利结构重构

在土地公有制基础之上建立土地市场法律制度,必然导致土地使用权与土地所有权的分离。我国经过20多年的土地有偿使用法律制度的实践,已经在事实上将土地使用权置于一个独立物权法律地位。以土地使用权为核心构建的中国土地法律制度,应当突破传统的土地所有权占有、使用、收益、处分的四项权能,并代之以土地的设定权、收入权、使用权、发展权和回归权。传统的土地所有权的四项权能,则相应地纳入新型权利结构的土地使用权之中。     

Peer pressure and adolescent substance use

Peer influence is regarded as one of the strongest determinants of juvenile delinquency and particularly adolescent substance use. A commonly held view is that social pressure from friends to use drugs and alcohol is a major contributor to substance use. Yet the notion of peer pressure, implied by the association between peer-group associations and drug behavior, is seldom tested empirically. As a crucial test of the group pressure model, this research examines the role of peer pressure in mediating the effect of differential association on individual use. Moreover, few studies examine the nature of the relationship between peers and substance use as it relates to the processes leading toand from use. Drawing on differential association and social learning theories, our research specifies the social processes (socialization, group pressure, social selection, and rationalization) which dictate particular causal pathways leading to and from substance use and then estimates the reciprocal influences among differential association, social pressure from peers, attitudes favorable toward substance use, and individual use. Using the 1977–1979 National Youth Survey panel data, we estimate a covariance structural equation model allowing for correlated measurement error. In the cross-sectional analyses, we find no main effects of overt peer pressure on substance use. Estimation of the reciprocal effects model also reveals that overt peer pressure does not significantly influence substance use and does not mediate the effect of differential association. Instead, the influences of socialization, social selection, and rationalization play significant roles in understanding substance use.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 1994 American Society of Criminology meetings in Miami, Florida.     

浅论经侦民警刑事自由裁量权的正确行使

自由裁量权不仅体现于公安行政执法中，在公安机关及其侦查人员行使刑事职权方面同样体现出来。经侦民警战斗在与经济犯罪斗争的最前沿，正确行使刑事自由裁量权，对提高办案效率，有力打击经济犯罪，维护经济秩序具有积极作用。但同时，在各种各样因素的作用和影响下，也使得滥用刑事自由裁量权成为经侦民警刑事执法实践中亟待研究和解决的问题。     

刑法的理性与宽容:面对联合行动权的行使

在当代中国,制度性疏导应当是解决社会矛盾、化解社会问题的基本选择。作为基本人权与宪法权利,联合行动权的存在与运行是实现国家与社会力量平衡的一种手段;联合行动权的行使本身凸显了某些社会问题的重要性与严重性,促使人们关注这类问题(包括规则本身)的严重性质与解决机制;宪法秩序范围内的联合行动权的行使可以起着社会安全阀的作用,它本身具有宣泄社会不满的功能并从根基上稳固社会。刑法在由联合行动权行使而引发的社会问题面前,应当保持基本的理性与宽容,包括立法的“犯罪化”、司法的“犯罪化”与“刑罚化”。     

Drug use and pretrial misconduct in New York city

Is recent drug use significantly associated with pretrial misconduct? Does consideration of recent drug use enhance risk classification among a sample of persons who have time free pending the disposition of their cases? Using data on arrestees in Manhattan, this paper examines these issues and some related questions. To measure recent drug use, urine samples were collected from persons shortly after their arrest and tested for four drugs: heroin, cocaine, PCP, and methadone. Two measures of pretrial misconduct are considered: whether a defendant fails to appear for a scheduled court date (FTA) and whether a defendant is rearrested prior to case disposition. Censored probit models are used to estimate the statistical association between drug test results and pretrial misconduct. Results show that drug test results are significantly associated with pretrial misconduct over and above the information typically available to judges at the time release decisions are made. Some implications of these findings for pretrial decision making are discussed.     

Modeling the longitudinal impact of legal sanctions on narcotics use and property crime

Structural equation models are used to confirm the suppressive effects of legal sanctions, e.g., probation and parole, on narcotics use and property crime. Both concurrent and longitudinal effects of legal sanctions are tested within two different models, which together span the entire addiction career. The findings indicate that (1) the suppressive effects of legal sanctions are evident only when legal sanctions are operationalized as parole or probation officer contact where urine monitoring is utilized; (2) only concurrent suppressive effects are statistically significant, and longitudinal suppressive effects are not; (3) both narcotics use and property crime are suppressed by legal sanctions, although the latter is less responsive than the former to intervention by the criminal justice system; and (4) suppressive effects tend to be more pronounced later in the addiction career. The significance of the findings and the implications for criminological theory related to issues regarding surveillance effects are emphasized.