Self-Defense and the Use of Force: Breaking the Rules, Making the Rules, or Both?

This article examines shifts in international law regarding the use of force—the jus ad bellum —that emerged in the wake of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks and subsequently were invoked in part by the United States and United Kingdom to justify military intervention in Iraq. These shifts import some elasticity—in time, space, and place—into the preexisting legal understanding of self-defense. To be sure, the general consensus that supported the use of force in Afghanistan as a legitimate exercise of self-defense has diluted as the use of that force expanded into other theaters of operation. It is therefore unsurprising that considerable controversy envelops claims by some states that international law entitles them to use force in self-defense in a preemptory manner. This article explores the articulation of this and other justifications for the military intervention in Iraq. It also unpacks the difficult question whether these entitlements are constitutive of inchoate legal rules or simply deviations from the still operational old rules. Moreover, this article encourages scholars and students of international law and relations to consider why a movement is afoot to change the rules and how this affects the architecture of collective security. To facilitate this process of reflection, this article explores the policy implications of retaining the old rules or adopting the newly alleged rules.     

EXPLAINING RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN SERIOUS ADOLESCENT VIOLENT BEHAVIOR*

This study explains racial/ethnic differences in serious adolescent violent behavior using a contextual model derived from prior urban, developmental, and criminological theory. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health, we compare involvement in serious violence among Asians, blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, and whites. Results indicate that statistical differences between whites and minority groups are explained by variation in community disadvantage (for blacks), involvement in gangs (for Hispanics), social bonds (for Native Americans), and situational variables (for Asians). The lesser involvement in violence among Asians compared to blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans is accounted for by similar factors. Differences in violent behavior among the latter three minority groups are not significant. Theoretical and policy implications of the findings are discussed.     

互联网挑战传统著作权制度--兼论著作权合理使用制度在网络空间中的新形式

互联网的无地域性和信息共享性挑战传统著作权制度中著作权的地域性和专有性。为了解决它们之间的冲突,设立世界著作权集体管理组织是一种重要考虑。在网络空间,著作权合理使用也存在新的形式,"技术措施合理限制制度"是其中一个十分重要的制度。     

析我国著作权中的“合理使用”

"合理使用"是对著作权人个体利益的一种限制;"合理使用"的对象,是作品而不是作者的权利;"合理使用"是著作权法中为平衡著作权人的个体利益与社会信息传播公共利益而创设的一种制度。     

浅谈群体性闹事事件处置中的情报运用

处置群体性闹事事件要充分运用情报。情报运用要抓住群体性闹事事件的特点 ,实现处置群体性闹事事件的工作目的。同时 ,情报运用应针对处置群体性闹事事件采取措施。     

东南亚国家保险业改革及其对我国的借鉴

20世纪80年代以来,东南亚各国的保险业得到很大发展,但在金融危机中也暴露出的这一行业存在许多深层次的问题,急需进行改革。在WTO和美国等西方国家的压力下,亚太地区各国从1996年底开始实施保险市场的自由化政策,逐步开放国内保险市场。面对这种形势,东南亚各国对本国的保险业进行了大刀阔斧的改革,取得了较好成效。东南亚保险业改革的经验在许多方面为我国提供了有益的启示。     

论包装设计对商品文化的营造

随着高科技的发展与人们的审美意识的提高，消费者对包装设计中的商品文化的要求也逐步加强，因此包装设计者往往通过对包装设计中商品文化的价值、使用价值及文化的附加值的营造来满意消费者的需求。作者在文中从以上三个方面浅析了当今包装中的商品文化现象。     

论国际水域利用和保护的原则

本文提出了各国在利用和保护国际水域中所应遵循的四大原则 ,即公平合理利用原则、不造成重大损害原则、受益补偿原则、国际合作原则 ,并从有关的国际条约和国际司法判例入手就各原则进行详细论述。     

雇佣犯罪新探

雇佣犯罪是行为人(雇主)以提供某种利益为条件,雇请他人(受雇人)实施某种犯罪行为,受雇人按照雇主的犯罪意图,单独实施或与雇主共同实施犯罪,从而获得约定利益的犯罪形式。雇佣犯罪是一种特殊形式的共同犯罪,在雇佣双方关系主体身份、犯罪动机、行为手段等方面表现出明显的特点。司法实践中应当对雇佣双方在共同犯罪中的性质、作用和实行过限问题进行准确认定。     

The Analysis of the Difference between the Discourse of Male and Female

1The difference of language formsMen and women's language forms are different.There were sev-eral systematic differences between men and women's versions of theindicative and i mperative verbal paradigms.For example,when awomantalked with a man,the woman …