Is There a Difference? Exploring Male and Female Correctional Officers' Definition of and Response to Conflict Situations

Abstract

Although the use of force in corrections is a topic of interest, little is known about the factors that influence correctional officers' decisions. In particular, very little is known about similarities and differences between male and female correctional officers in their definitions of and responses to conflict situations. Interviews were conducted with 192 officers at a large southwestern jail. Using a realistic vignette of an inmate disobeying a direct order, 96 female and 96 male officers were asked about their perceptions in defining and responding to conflict. Results indicate that male and female officers react to conflict situations in a similar manner, although it appears that the inmate's sex is a salient factor in the officers' decision on how to resolve conflict.     

Space,scale and jurisdiction in health service provision for drug users: the legal geography of a supervised injecting facility

Sydney's Medically Supervised Injecting Centre delivers the significant benefits of harm reduction, but has been controversial regards the law. Its contested history is examined here through the lens of legal geography. Narrative analysis reveals that the arguments for and against the centre's establishment referenced matters ranging from international treaties through to municipal governance. These arguments and their outcome were variously shaped by the different spaces and scales of jurisdiction but not simply in a zero sum game of law played out through the hierarchically ordered nesting of container-like territories. The implications for legal geography and for public health are discussed.     

Paternal half-sisters or unrelated – How can the X-chromosomal evidence be quantified when one female presents trisomy X?

The X chromosome has unique features, such as haplodiploid mode of genetic transmission, which can be crucial to complement autosomal profiling or to disentangle complex kinship problems. Indeed, for some cases (e.g. full- or paternal half-sisters, or paternal grandmother-granddaughter hypotheses), X-markers are expected to provide a similar or a higher power to the one obtained with autosomes in paternity/maternity investigations. Both theoretical and informatics frameworks for pairwise X-linked kinship analyses are well established for individuals with a regular number of chromosomes, but these are still lacking for individuals exhibiting an X chromosome aneuploidy, such as females with Triple X (47, XXX) syndrome. Indeed, this work was motivated by a real forensic case involving the evaluation with X-chromosomal markers of the hypotheses that two women were related either as paternal half-sisters or as unrelated, one of them showing a trisomy X. In this case, the analysis of X-chromosomal markers would yield stronger results than autosomes, as females had to share at least one identical allele in each analyzed X chromosome marker under the paternal half-sibling hypothesis, unless a mutation occurs. To fulfill this gap, we present in this work algebraic formulae for some genotypic configurations, which will allow quantification of the evidence on the referred cases. A general approach, comprising other X chromosome aneuploidies, kinship hypotheses, and genotypic configurations, is currently being developed by us. This work is the starting point to analyze X-chromosomal data under the scope of kinship problems, involving individuals with aneuploidies. This will improve the quantification of DNA evidence not only in forensic casework, but also in the field of medical genetics, whenever individuals with X-chromosomal aneuploidies are involved.     

东南亚地区海上人道搜救联合行动机制建设展望——以马航失联航班搜救为例

非传统安全领域的海上搜救合作不但能显著提高搜救绩效,更能有效增进相关国家的互信,维护地区的和平。现实的选择是利用已有的10+N框架,通过召开部门联席工作会议,设立搜救信息共享中心,开展常态化、实质性的搜救演练,提供资金和技术支持等方式,共同推进东南亚海上搜救联合行动协调机制的建设。     

Is linking communicating?

File-sharing sites such as the Pirate Bay which provide an index of searchable bit torrent files or some type of list or catalogue of links to massively copyright infringing content (whether for streaming or downloading) have raised the question whether the providers of these links are infringing the “communication to the public” right. In these cases there are two potential infringers 1) the person who has uploaded the work without the authorisation of the copyright owner (and the uploading is likely to infringe the reproduction right) and 2) the person who sets the link to the uploaded work. This article is concerned with the liability of the person setting the link.     

Mitigation Targets,Burden Sharing and the Role of Economic Modeling in Climate Policy

Within Australian climate policy, the dominant framework for determining national emission reduction targets has been ‘burden sharing’. The prevailing view, both within and outside government, has been that there should be a rough equivalence in the costs that countries bear in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, at least where countries share similar wealth and capacity traits. This article looks at the practical problems with this approach that stem from its reliance on economic modeling. It is contended that any principled approach to target setting should strive for objectivity but that burden sharing based on projected welfare losses cannot provide this. To illustrate the fallibility of the economic projections that are done for these purposes, the article reviews how one of the greenhouse reporting sectors, known as land use, land‐use change and forestry, has been dealt with in the modelling exercises that have been done in Australia for climate policy purposes.     

论宅基地使用权性质

宅基地使用权是宅基地使用权人依法享有的占有、使用农村集体土地建造住宅和附属设施并长期保有的权利。国内对宅基地使用权性质的认识有着不同学说,但要结合我国土地政策和现实农村经济社会发展之现实进行认识。宅基地使用权是一种准所有权,是物权效力十分强大的他物权,其类似于自物权。尽管《物权法》将宅基地使用权定性为用益物权,但是我国立法文本中的用益物权与大陆法系立法上的用益物权存在本质的差异。公共利益对土地及相关权利结构的设计不具有决定性,不能否定宅基地使用权的私权属性。     

论澜湄国家网络反恐合作机制构建

澜湄次区域地理位置特殊,民族宗教成分复杂,反恐形势严峻。随着“伊斯兰国”实体性组织遭受重创,恐怖组织改变策略,借助互联网将恐怖主义威胁向全球扩散,对传统反恐模式提出挑战。基于恐怖主义犯罪本身的国际性、网络平台的无地域性以及东盟合作框架下的反恐合作意愿,澜湄国家具有开展网络反恐的可行性。澜湄国家网络反恐合作机制的构建,应当树立网络空间主权理念,共建澜湄网络空间命运共同体;贡献中国智慧,推动建立网络反恐合作框架及运行机制;依托LMIN系统平台,加强情报信息共享;借助网络反恐联合演练,提升执法合作能力。     

失信联合惩戒的地方立法实践及反思

作为一种核心机制,失信联合惩戒在社会信用体系的构建中发挥着无法替代的功能,对于营造诚信的社会经济环境意义重大。实证分析显示,囿于全国性法律的暂时缺失,地方立法在先行先试的过程中出现对失信联合惩戒制度本身的规制缺位、失信行为的种类划分标准参差不齐、失信主体的救济措施缺失以及失信联合惩戒体系互异等现实难题。对此,应当以合法原则、后果与行为相当、必要限度以及责任自负为基本遵循,通过明确区分标准,将失信行为分门别类,完善立法设计,建立失信主体救济机制以及加强法律控制,对相关法律文件进行合法性审查,推进社会信用法律出台,构建统一的失信联合惩戒体系等举措,完善社会信用体系建设,助推国家治理法治化进程。     

国有划拨土地使用权及地上建筑物分别抵押的效力与处理

虽然担保法、物权法等法律法规中对房地产应当一并抵押做了规定,但由于历史及我国土地和房产由不同部门进行管理等原因,仍大量存在着建设用地使用权与地上建筑物分别抵押的情形。法律对分别抵押的效力及处理并无明确规定,特别是国有划拨土地问题涉及到国家利益及国家对土地的管理问题,司法实务中对国有划拨土地使用权及地上建筑物分别抵押的效力认定及处理不尽相同,造成了实务上的混乱。本文认为,可以在实现抵押权时,让权利人补交土地出让金,并设置不得改变土地用途等条件。实现抵押权时,将建筑物的土地使用权分别作价,统一拍卖、变卖给同一受让主体,仅就取得的价值分别优先清偿所保障的债权。