论委托人与辩护律师的关系——以美国律师职业行为规范为切入的分析

“委托人与辩护律师的关系”在律师职业行为规范中处于核心的地位。相较于委托人与辩护律师基于合意而成立的民事合同关系,律师职业行为规范对辩护律师提出了更多更高的要求。这些要求体现在二者交往的多个方面,包括关系的成立、权利的分配、利益冲突的解决、关系的终止等。在这些规则的背后,辩护律师的忠诚义务和维护司法正义义务是贯彻始终的二大基本理念,其中,忠诚义务是核心,维护司法正义则为律师划定了行为的边界。在律师职业伦理亟待重新构建的我国,美国律师职业行为规范对我国在诸如调整委托人与律师的关系,即强调忠诚义务、引入有效辩护等方面具有重大的启发意义。     

The ICO and artificial intelligence: The role of fairness in the GDPR framework

The year 2017 has seen many EU and UK legislative initiatives and proposals to consider and address the impact of artificial intelligence on society, covering questions of liability, legal personality and other ethical and legal issues, including in the context of data processing. In March 2017, the Information Commissioner's Office (UK) updated its big data guidance to address the development of artificial intelligence and machine learning, and to provide (GDPR), which will apply from 25 May 2018.This paper situates the ICO's guidance in the context of wider legal and ethical considerations and provides a critique of the position adopted by the ICO. On the ICO's analysis, the key challenge for artificial intelligence processing personal data is in establishing that such processing is fair. This shift reflects the potential for artificial intelligence to have negative social consequences (whether intended or unintended) that are not otherwise addressed by the GDPR. The question of ‘fairness’ is an important one, to address the imbalance between big data organisations and individual data subjects, with a number of ethical and social impacts that need to be evaluated.     

The Social Side of Sanctions: Personal and Social Norms as Moderators of Deterrence

In a survey of Australian citizens (valid N = 1,406), personal and social norms were found to moderate effects of deterrence on tax evasion. Personal, internalized norms of tax honesty were negatively related to tax evasion and moderated the effects of deterrence variables (i.e., sanction severity), suggesting deterrence effects only when individual ethics were weak. Perceived social norms, beyond those internalized as personal norms, were not directly related to tax evasion but moderated the effects of sanction severity. Only when social norms were seen as strongly in favor of tax honesty was sanction severity negatively related to tax evasion. This result held only for respondents who did not identify strongly as Australians. Hence, when internalized, norms delimit effects of deterrence; when considered external to one's self norms boost deterrence effects, giving social meaning to formal sanctions.     

道德情感教育与青少年犯罪的预防

青少年犯罪问题已成为当代中国的社会问题。青少年犯罪问题原因是复杂的、多变的、互动的。从社会学角度看,道德失范是导致青少年犯罪的主要原因。因此,抑制道德失范,建构适应时代的道德体系,创造良好的道德氛围,加强青少年道德情感,是社会各界值得警醒的问题。     

新世纪高校德育工作的挑战与对策

学校德育是实施以德治国方略的基础,在高等教育中具有导向性、能动性和保障作用。本文分析了当前高校德育工作面临的挑战和机遇,提出了加强和改进高校德育工作的新对策。     

网络伦理问题之我见

随着国际互联网的崛起和迅速普及,产生了一种新的全球性的社会组织形式———"网络社会",它对传统的社会道德观念、伦理体系提出了挑战,使人们面临着技术上的"可能"与伦理上的"应该"的严峻挑战,并带来了许多政治、法律、伦理道德问题。本文就构建网络伦理相关问题作一些探讨。     

Legal Practice and Modes of Dying: Bruno Latour,Technology and the Critical Legal Instance

Few who have ever observed the workings of a legal office would have witnessed a lawyer engaged in file management. Of course, lawyers, together with their clients, will construct the narrative that makes up the file, but the lawyer will not store it, nor see that it is properly labeled, nor ensure that its contents are in place, nor dust it, nor, finally, remove it for disposal at the end of whatever time is deemed sufficient for it to perform all of its functions. At a time when lawyers are being criticized for their levels of client care this paper explores the opportunities that the handling of the legal file affords for the development of an ethic of care that can then be transposed more broadly across legal practice. The essence of the argument is that the legal file is (as much as the client) a proper object of care, and that the care of the file – its maintenance and management – is an appropriate objective for lawyers, and necessary for the development of a legal profession that is truly ‘client-centered’. The argument is developed in three parts, and is largely informed by Bruno Latour’s works on being and technology as developed in We Have Never Been Modern, Aramis or the Love of Technology, and particularly, in an essay, published in 2002, entitled ‘Technology and Morality: The Ends of the Means’. The first part explores how the handling of the legal file exposes those engaged in this activity to legal histories, legal philosophies and legal ethics. The second part explores the content or nature of the obligation of care owed toward the file by the keeper of the file. It argues that the legal file represents human passions quelled or suppressed by legal conflict, and that ‘technical action’, falling broadly under the rubric of maintenance and handling, are ways in which care is expressed when the object of care is supine, dead or passing. The concluding part advances the care of technology as a means of preventing technological domination, or, in the terms of legal practice, the care of the file as a means of deflecting the development of a file culture.     

法官职业道德建设的文化障碍及路径转向

法官职业道德建设是人民法院遏制司法腐败,加强队伍建设的重要举措,但长期以来,法官职业道德建设的成效却差强人意,主要原因在于对中国传统人情文化障碍缺乏充分认识,因此,解决问题的路径必须建立在实现三个转向的基础之上。     

论中国夫妇伦理的两大传统

必须坚持马克思主义经典作家关于"两种文化"的观点和方法才能真正理清中国夫妇伦理思想的发展线索.中国夫妇伦理思想有两大传统即男尊女卑的礼教传统和追求自由恋爱、夫妇和谐的传统.中国传统夫妇伦理思想的萌芽、形成、定型、发展、变迁、转型都始终存在着这两大传统.     

统一战线与以德治国

江泽民同志提出了"以德治国"的思想,指出要把依法治国同以德治国结合起来.中国共产党领导的统一战线在以德治国中处于什么样的地位呢?本文从统一战线性质和方法论的角度论述了中国共产党领导的统一战线与以德治国的关系.