中美实用艺术品著作权保护比较研究——兼论我国实用艺术品著作权保护的路径

实用艺术品的著作权保护问题实质上是如何确立著作权保护范围及标准的问题。我国现行《著作权法》并未将实用艺术品作为受保护客体,但也并未将其排除在著作权保护范围之外。而美国在实用艺术品的著作权保护上于立法层面是非常清晰的,在《1976年版权法》中已明确将其列为受保护客体,美国法院的诸多判例也影响了实用艺术品著作权保护研究的方向。本文梳理了中美两国实用艺术品的著作权保护问题的历史沿革及现状,总结归纳了两国具有代表性的判例,以求通过对比提炼出两国著作权法及司法实践中存在的问题。美国的相关立法及其司法裁判经验对于我国实用艺术品的著作权保护具备重要借鉴价值。     

指导性案例跨类型适用的限度与进路

司法实践中指导性案例跨类型适用的现象具有广泛性、频发性、多样性、热点集中性等特征。基于对上述现象的实证分析和反思,类型化思维和法律方法的运用是指导性案例跨类型适用的理论依据,满足案例指导制度运行多元化需求则是其现实动因。指导性案例的跨类型适用如果严重背离“类案类判”的基本理念,就易滋生隐患和风险。完善指导性案例的跨类型适用应分别从案例生成和案例适用的角度出发。一方面,通过丰富指导性案例的数量和类型、改进指导性案例的裁判要点从源头上减少指导性案例的跨类型适用概率;另一方面,通过完善指导性案例与待解决案件的相似性判断以及法律适用的“公约化”来规范指导性案例跨类型适用的裁判路径。     

法院判决公司解散--司法裁判权与公司自治的冲突与协调

2005年10月27日全国人大常委会通过《公司法》修订案,其中第183条明确规定了法院判决公司解散问题,虽然国外公司立法也有关于法院判决公司解散的规定,但是,在具体适用时已经发生了一些变化。我国第一次以法律形式规定法院判决公司解散,在理解与适用这一规定时,有很多问题需要进一步研究。法院判决公司解散与公司自治必然产生矛盾,如果法院应少数股东的要求解散公司,多数股东的意志与利益也同样需要法律面对和考虑。如果公司在解散问题上的决议(该解散而不解散)对少数股东构成了不公平损害,法院是否只能通过强制公司解散来解决这一问题,需要慎重考虑。     

试论行政合同中的诚实信用原则

从行政合同的契约本质考虑,诚实信用原则当然可以适用于行政合同;从行政合同的行政性来看,诚实信用原则适用于行政合同有利于规制行政特权的恣意行使。对于历来强调国家的优越地位,缺乏对个人权利保护和平等地位尊重传统的我国,在行政合同理论和实践中倡导诚信原则更具意义。具体适用时,一方面要借鉴诚实信用原则在私法合同中的适用,另一方面更要注重诚信原则对行政机关在行政合同中进行公益裁量、行使行政特权时的有效约束。     

论我国即决判决制度的确立

即决判决是英美法系国家民事诉讼简易程序的一种重要形式。其具有在审理前过滤无争议民事案件、简化诉讼程序、加快诉讼进程、节约当事人时间、费用以及国家司法资源的重要功能。我国应借鉴国外经验 ,建立即决判决制度。     

论预决事实在刑事审判中的效力

预决事实相对前诉而言是法律真实,相对后一刑事诉讼而言是待证事实。预决事实在刑事审判中的效力不仅仅是一个理论问题,还是一个立法政策的问题。即需要平衡刑事诉讼发现真实的特征与诉讼效率的价值追求。     

Hot Cognition in Investigative Judgments: The Differential Influence of Anger and Sadness

The authors predicted that the cognitive appraisal tendencies associated with sadness and anger would exert different influences on investigators' crime-related judgments. Supporting evidence was found in an experiment with 61 experienced criminal investigators. First, when judging the reliability of a witness statement, sad participants relied on their perception of both witness and situational variables, whereas angry participants relied only on their perception of witness variables. This corresponds to the emphasis placed on situational and individual control in the appraisals associated with sadness and anger, respectively. Second, when making judgments of the case, sad participants were sensitive to the consistency of a witness statement with the central hypothesis of the investigation, indicating substantive processing, whereas angry participants were unaffected by statement-hypothesis consistency, indicating heuristic processing. The findings suggest that the process of reliability assessment can be better understood by consulting theories of attribution and information processing.     

康德的法权哲学基础

康德的法权哲学思路是和他的三个《批判》所述一致的,“科学知识”要发现“自然(关系)”中的“必然性”,而“法权学”则是要在“人”的“关系”中发现“必然性”,也就是关于“法权”的“先天综合”何以可能的问题.“法权”问题又和《实践理性批判》里所论述的“自由”密切相关.“自由”的“限制”“关系”就《实践理性批判》所涉及的“道德”来说,“根据”在于一个“形式”的“应该”,而就现实的“国家-法律”来说,则是“自由者”之间的“法权”关系.“法权”“本体的所有”既“悬搁”又“范导”“现象的所有”.“自由者”在“人格-格位”“平等”基础上“限制”着各自的自由,由此而形成的“共同体”乃是“自由的共在”.     

错案追究制实际运行状况探析

我国法院系统推行错案追究制以来 ,虽然发挥了一定的积极作用 ,但它在实际运行中产生了种种迷误 ,并给审判工作带来了一系列负面影响 ,使得这项制度获得的总体评价是弊大于利 ,而且它也不具备完善的价值。因此 ,应当将错案追究制并入法官惩戒制 ,从而完善法官惩戒制度。     

Interpretation,confidence and application of the standardised terms: Identified,Probable, Possible,Exclude and Insufficient in forensic odontology identification

Forensic odontology identification scales are used to express certainty of identifications of deceased persons. These standardized scales are assumed to convey unambiguous expert opinions and facilitate communication between forensic odontologists and end users. However, to date no studies have investigated how the experts interpret and use these scales.Forensic odontology identification scales are used to express certainty of identifications of deceased persons. These standardized scales are assumed to convey unambiguous expert opinions and facilitate communication between forensic odontologists and end users. However, to date no studies have investigated how the experts interpret and use these scales.This paper aims to examine the interpretation of the DVISYS forensic identification scale and choices of the levels in the scale subsequent to, and derived from, comparison of pairs of dental radiographs by extending the analysis of the data collected in the study by Page and Lain et. al. 2017.The studied variables: self-reported confidence, forced binary decision of match and non-match, choice of level in the DVISYS scale (Identified, Probable, Possible, Insufficient and Exclude) were further analysed in this study using mixed models for relationships between the choices of level in the identification scale and the fundamental beliefs of likelihood of identification.The results of this further analysis showed that the reported confidence of the decisions was correlated to the difficulty of cases, and as confidence decreased the use of less definitive terms (‘Probable’, ‘Possible’ and ‘Insufficient’) increased. ‘Probable’ and ‘Possible’ were used mainly in underlying beliefs below that of ‘Identified’ whereas ‘Insufficient’ was used mainly to convey a sublevel of ‘Exclude’. The use of ‘Insufficient’ in this study was not consistent with the prescribed definition of the term.The participants of the original study were not aware of the difficulty grading of the cases nor were required to grade them, however the reported confidence was systematically correlated to difficulty. Furthermore, indicated confidence level was correlated with choice of level on the scale in general, but the interpretation of the definition and application of the terms varied.The findings reported here contribute to the foundational knowledge of factors governing the interpretation and application of the DVISYS forensic odontology identification scale and suggest that this scale may need to be modified.