The Role of Flexibility Mechanisms in EU Climate Strategy: Lessons Learned and Future Challenges?

The main objective of this paper is to examine the evolution of European Union (EU) climate strategy, scrutinising in particular developments in EU's views on the so-called flexibility or Kyoto mechanisms. In brief, the paper argues that there has been a gradual change in EU's views, from the role of a sceptic in the run-up to Kyoto towards becoming more of a frontrunner on emissions trading in recent years. The need to 'save Kyoto' and the protracted development of EU climate policy are highlighted as two of the most important drivers behind this process of change. This paper also discusses some of the lessons learned from international negotiations and the development of EU climate policy. Finally, and drawing upon the lessons learned, the paper explores key future challenges for the further development of EU climate strategy.     

How Can the European Union Contribute to a COP-6 Agreement? An Overview for Policy Makers

During the 6th Conference of Parties (COP-6) in The Hague, the Netherlands, November 2000, crucial progress on a number of outstanding issues related to the Kyoto Protocol will have to be made to open the way for its early ratification, if not to save it from complete failure. Given the present lack of internal US political support for the Kyoto Protocol, the EU may play a pivotal role in making the Kyoto Protocol agreement a reality even without initial ratification of the US, if its able to provide sufficient leadership. In this overview article we discuss the main issues under negotiation, the problems of finding agreement and opportunities for the EU to catalyse a compromise agreement at COP-6, building on key scientific papers as included in this issue and discussions at the European Forum on Integrated Environmental Assessment Climate Policy Workshop in Amsterdam. Key elements are the inclusion of sinks, the use of the Kyoto Protocol mechanisms as a supplement to domestic action and the international compliance system. Domestic implementation of climate policy is a major factor for the EU's credibility.     

Convergence Criteria for Participation in the Flexible Mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol

We suggest a multi-layered system of three convergence criteria – similar to those used in the run-up to the European monetary union – that define the notion of "demonstrable progress" towards reaching the emission commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. These are the existence of an independently evaluated national emissions inventory, the level of domestic policies and measures, and the quantitative convergence of emissions towards the Kyoto target. While the first of these criteria constitutes a necessary condition for use of the Kyoto Mechanisms, the other two should determine the degree of participation allowed for any given Annex I country.     

"后京都时代"与"共同而有区别的责任"原则

《京都议定书》中给予发展中国家削减温室气体排放的豁免期截止于2012年,这使得“后京都时代”国际气候制度谈判的重点不可避免地要触及到发展中国家实质性义务的承担。作为最大的发展中国家和世界上第二大温室气体排放国,中国将在这一阶段面临前所未有的压力和挑战。笔者认为,在国际立法场合,中国仍应积极主张国际法所确立的“共同而有区别的责任”原则,在坚持国家利益的同时,积极维护国际环境义务的南北平衡。     

九鬼周造“粹”论的哲学构造

日本哲学家九鬼周造,在其代表作《“粹”的构造》中吸收、转化了海德格尔前期思想,借以分析“粹”这一日本独特的审美意识。其理论建构回应了两个具有内在同一性的问题：海德格尔提出的非西方文化是否有必要、有可能去学习西方概念体系的疑问;京都学派的理论难题,如何面对西方思想的普遍扩张渗透,确立日本思想独立的自我意识。     

高校体育礼仪教育的功能及其实施途径

体育礼仪主要是指人们在体育交往中所应具备的相互敬重、亲善和友好的行为规范。体育礼仪的内容主要是由内在的体育礼仪文化和外在的体育礼仪行为方式或礼仪程式等组成。通过礼仪教育可以有效地提高大学生的道德素质,增进相互之间的友谊和交流,有助于构建和谐校园。因此,学校要努力营造礼仪文化教育的氛围,加大宣传力度,塑造新型的体育人格和教育关系。     

Environmental protection and US–Asia relations: a policy of disconnect

Despite the post-September 11 focus on regional security and the continued emphasis on regional economic cooperation, environmental degradation should not be overlooked as an important issue for US policy in and relationship with the Asia-Pacific. It is an important issue in its own right, presenting the countries of the region with ecological, economic and social (human security) challenges. There are both ethical and instrumental impulses for the United States, as a rich indus­trialised country and as a disproportionate consumer of resources and polluter of global waste, to provide environmental assistance to the Asia-Pacific. Despite global demands that the ‘new’ new world (environmental) order should be based on solidarity and collective responsibility, neither US environmental policy towards the region nor the regional consequences of its international environmental policy more generally meet this test. The US is fundamentally self-regarding rather than other-regarding in the various dimensions of its environmental relationship with the region. The consequences for both the region and for the US may be substantial. Continued environmental degradation in the region has the potential to undermine other US policy goals, in terms of its reputation, it economic objectives and even its more orthodox geopolitical security objectives.     

中国商业银行碳金融业务发展战略研究

当前碳金融已经成为全球商业银行竞争的新领域,中国商业银行拓展碳金融业务已是大势所趋。该文对中国发展碳金融的必要性和国内外商业银行在碳金融领域的发展现状进行了分析,指出了中国商业银行发展碳金融业务存在的七个主要障碍,进而提出了促进中国商业银行碳金融业务发展的对策建议。     

波尔山羊卵母细胞和早期胚胎的端粒酶活性

利用端粒重复序列扩增(TRAP)法进行了山羊卵母细胞和附植前胚胎的端粒酶活性的测定;结果表明,山羊卵母细胞和早期胚胎的端粒酶活性都为阳性。TPG定量比较发现,卵母细胞的TPG最低,为25.348U;4-细胞的TPG为273.832U,至8-细胞时,TPG又降低到56.117U,随后快速升高,桑椹胚的TPG为251.111U;囊胚的端粒酶活性最高,TPG为519.46U。     

Biotic Carbon Sequestration and the Kyoto Protocol: The Construction of Global Knowledge by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

This paper explores the dynamics of the production of global knowledge by an international knowledge organization, in this case the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Based on previous notions of international boundary organizations, the idea of international knowledge organizations emphasizes the knowledge generation function of such organizations rather than their convening function. Using the case of controversial Kyoto Protocol biotic carbon sequestration policies, I argue that boundary work and uncertainty management are the essential dynamics in the successful construction of global knowledge by international knowledge organizations. This uncertainty management occurs in a manner broadly, although not completely, in conformance with the institutional preferences of powerful policy actors. Global knowledge can legitimate and help refine global policies, but the process of its construction must be iterative and transparent if it is to be credible for global environmental governance over the long-term.