The Effects of Interviewer Gender and Child Gender on the Informativeness of Alleged Child Sexual Abuse Victims in Forensic Interviews

Most students of forensic interviews have focused on the interrogatory techniques used to elicit information from alleged child abuse victims. We asked how the gender of the interviewer and the gender of the child affected this process. Forensic investigators in three countries used either the NICHD structured interview protocol or local standard interview practices to interview 672 alleged victims who ranged in age from 4 to 14 years. Analyses of the interviews showed significant effects of gender on both the interviewers' behavior and the amount of information provided by children. Female interviewers asked boys more invitations, as well as absolutely and proportionally more suggestive questions, than they did girls, whereas male interviewers interviewed boys and girls similarly. Children's responses varied depending on their gender and age, the gender of the interviewer, and the type of question asked. Girls of all ages provided more information in response to directive questions posed by female rather than male interviewers whereas boys did not respond differently to male and female interviewers. The oldest girls provided more information in response to option-posing questions posed by male interviewers. More information was provided by the younger children in response to suggestive prompts from interviewers of the opposite gender. The gender-of-interviewer effects were attenuated in protocol-guided interviews.     

OUT-OF-COURT STATEMENTS BY VICTIMS OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE TO MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAMS: A CONFRONTATION CLAUSE ANALYSIS

Acknowledging the rapid growth of child sexual abuse in the United States, this Note advocates for the recognition of a limited exception to the blanket-hearsay ban on out-of-court statements made by unavailable declarants set out by the Supreme Court in Crawford v. Washington . In order to protect a criminal defendant's Sixth Amendment confrontation right, Crawford requires that hearsay evidence that is "testimonial" in nature be deemed inadmissible if the witness is unavailable and the defendant does not have a prior opportunity to cross-examine the witness against him. However, Crawford noted that, where nontestimonial hearsay is at issue, cross-examination may not be necessary. Accordingly, where a child sexual abuse victim makes statements during a structured or semi-structured forensic interview to a member of a multidisciplinary team, these statements should be deemed nontestimonial and thus admitted into evidence, without requiring cross-examination of the child. Allowing for this exception to the general hearsay ban in Crawford is not only consistent with current precedent, but it is also warranted to promote public policy and to curb the negative impact such abuse has on society.     

Japan’s position in international climate policy: navigating between Kyoto and the APP

The emergence of technology-oriented agreements such as the 2005 Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate (APP) may have significant implications for the future of global climate governance, as these agreements could be perceived as an alternative for the existing international climate regime. It is, therefore, important to examine what has moved countries to be involved in these agreements alongside the UN climate regime. This article seeks to identify possible factors contributing to Japan’s participation in both the UN climate regime and the APP, looking at the position of domestic interest groups, the distribution of climate policy-making at the government level and varying international pressures. It concludes that Japan’s participation in both the APP and the UN climate regime flows from a policy-making process that tries to accommodate conflicting viewpoints at the domestic and international levels. To what extent Japan’s participation in both fora can be regarded as constructive will depend on the partnership’s ability to support the implementation of a future climate regime.

Privacy impact assessment: Its origins and development

Privacy impact assessment (PIA) is a systematic process for evaluating the potential effects on privacy of a project, initiative or proposed system or scheme. Its use has become progressively more common from the mid-1990s onwards.     

针刺持续时间及刺激方案对针刺脑功能成像的影响

目的 利用BOLD-fMRI技术,在保持其他影响因素不变的情况下研究针刺持续时间及针刺刺激方案对脑功能成像激活区定位的影响。方法 选取健康志愿者40例,平均分为2组,为持续时间组及刺激方案组,第1组采用相同的针刺刺激方案（改良组块设计）进行3轮（R1、R2、R3）功能像数据采集,第2组采用3种不同的针刺刺激方案（包括典型组块、改良组块设计及事件相关设计）进行3轮功能像采集,两组数据均采用相同的MR扫描参数,用AFNI软件进行数据处理,用Monte Carlo阈值校正方法确定脑功能激活区,得出每组的组内分析结果及组内不同轮次比较的结果。 结果 持续时间组及刺激方案组的组内fMRI信号存在明显差异。组内不同轮次fMRI信号比较也均存在显著差异的脑区,两组的R2与R1相比均存在fMRI信号减低区域,但刺激方案组的R3与R1相比存在广泛的fMRI信号减低区域,持续时间组的R3与R1相比存在fMRI信号增高区域。 结论 针刺持续时间及刺激方案均会对脑功能成像的激活区定位产生影响。     

幽门螺杆菌既往感染胃癌前状态的中医证候学特点探究

目的 基于《京都胃炎分类》中的内镜表现探讨幽门螺杆菌（helicobacter pylori,Hp）既往感染状态胃癌前状态的中医证候学特点。方法 按照《京都胃炎分类》中的方法,收集内镜下表现符合Hp既往感染胃癌前状态特征的205例患者的中医四诊信息,采用因子分析和聚类分析,浅析其中医证候学特点。结果 经过因子分析提取出15个公因子,主要病位证素为肝、脾、胃,涉及的病性证素为气虚、阴虚、阳虚、火热、湿浊、血瘀、血热、痰浊、食积,经聚类得出肝胃气滞兼脾气亏虚证、脾胃湿热兼气阴两伤证、湿热瘀阻证、胃气壅滞证、肝胃郁热证、肝郁脾虚证共6个证型。结论 应用《京都胃炎分类》中的内镜观察方法,结合Hp既往感染病史及病理结果,所获得的Hp既往感染状态下胃癌前状态的中医证候学特点,能够为中医药诊治本病提供较为准确的辨证依据和思路。     

日本城市能源利用与节能减排

日本是世界第三大经济实体,同时也是资源消费大国。作为一个本身自然资源匮乏的国度,日本是如何在发展经济的同时,克服了能源短缺的问题?又是如何在提高能源利用效率的同时将对环境的污染控制到最低限度的?围绕上述问题,探讨日本在城市能源利用方面的节能措施以及对新能源在环保领域中所起的重要作用的同时,梳理了在京都会议后,日本的节能环保技术、理念,以及未来的发展趋势,以期为中国解决在新常态下,在推动城镇化经济发展的同时所面临的能源以及环境问题提供思路。     

巧用MTP协议破解Android智能手机屏幕锁密码

本文介绍了基于Android平台的智能手机应用MTP协议[1]在PC机构建的一个虚拟文件系统[2]中进行案件检验的实例。涉案手机因设置了手机防盗锁且USB调试未打开,现有的手机取证工具无法对其数据进行提取。通过查询手机生产日期推断该手机版本支持MTP协议,并尝试利用MTP协议查看和拷贝手机内的文件,最终找到QQ文件夹下保存的解锁密码,解除屏幕锁后利用现有手机取证工具成功提取到涉案手机中的短信息、即时通讯记录等与案件相关的信息,为手机检验中破解第三方软件设置的屏幕锁解锁提供了一种新的方法。     

WTO协定与警察行政执法程序

本文从WTO协定的国际法和国际行政法属性入手 ,论述了WTO协定的原则对警察行政执法的影响 ,分析了警察行政执法现状及成因 ,并对完善警察行政执法进行了思考。     

Market Darwinism vs. Market Creationism: Adaptability and Fairness in the Design of Greenhouse Gas Trading Mechanisms

International rule-making and compliance routines with respect to the Kyoto Protocol are evolving rapidly. This paper examines potential designs of emissions-trading programs by comparing the emissions credit trading (ECT) and cap-and-trade models for achieving cost-effective reductions in atmospheric greenhouse-gas (GHG) loading in terms of their adaptability and fairness. Adaptability is a valuable attribute when markets and their governing institutions are evolving rapidly or when regulated entities do not yet have well-established and predictable compliance routines. Fairness in both procedures and outcomes is central to efforts to establish and maintain institutions of international governance. The key difference concerns the awarding of tradable emission rights, which occurs at the launch of a cap-and-trade program but following when firms reduce emissions below baselines in an ECT scheme. Implications of this difference are explored in terms of institutional adaptability and fairness during program-design stages. By not locking in emission rights at the outset, and by being amenable to incremental roll-out, ECT appears to have superior adaptive and fairness qualities during periods of rapid institutional evolution.