Intersectoral differences in public affairs: the duty of public reporting in public administration

Public reporting is a requirement for public affairs practitioners in public administration because of the democratic context in which government operates. By reporting to the public‐at‐large on agency activities, government agencies contributed to an informed citizenry, the essential foundation of a democracy. For public affairs in business administration and non‐profit administration, public reporting is desirable rather than mandatory. Public reporting was traditionally accomplished indirectly, through news media coverage of government. However, recent research suggests a diminution of interest by the media in fulfilling its role as an instrument of democracy. This means that the public reporting obligation of public affairs professionals in public administration needs to shift to direct reporting, through such products as annual reports, newsletters, TV programmes, Internet websites etc. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications.     

再论跟单信用证条件下的提单担保物权性质

本文从质押合同成立及生效条件、银行对信用证条件下提单具有质押权的质疑、银行对提单留置权的取得与实行 ,及我国现行法律体制能否有效地保护银行的提单质押权等方面论述了提单在跟单信用证条件下的担保物权性质。     

Human Rights and Unfair Dismissal: Private Acts in Public Spaces

This article addresses the termination of employment because of the conduct of the employee in her leisure time, in the light of the right to private life. It explores the impact on the retention of employment of activities taking place outside the workplace and outside working hours, and argues that the approach of UK courts and tribunals, which is based on a primarily spatial conceptualisation of privacy, is flawed. A fresh approach to privacy, resting on the idea of domination, is proposed, which is sensitive to the particularities of the employment relationship. Considering the fairness enquiry in dismissal, it argues that off‐duty conduct may lead to lawful termination of employment only if there is a clear and present impact or a high likelihood of such impact on business interests; a speculative and marginal danger does not suffice. It further proposes that a particularly meticulous test is appropriate when certain suspect categories, such as the employees' sexual preferences, are at stake.     

并入提单仲裁条款之概念辨析

并入提单的仲裁条款通常存在于根据租船合同签发的提单中。根据租船合同签发的提单,出租人通常具有承运人的法律地位,出租人为了使其根据提单对货物运输承担的义务和享有的权利尽可能的与租船合同一致,常常在提单中订入援引租船合同某些规定的条款,称为"并入条款"。而并入提单的仲裁条款正是通过并入条款而成为提单中的一部分。并入条款根据措辞的不同分为一般并入条款和特别并入条款,各国对并入条款的要求不尽相同。     

多种用工制度下国有企业团工作面临的困难及对策思考

国有企业多种用工制度并存的条件下，共青团工作面临着企业青年职业状态复杂化、思想观念多元化、利益诉求多样化，以及团的组织建设与管理、团的工作与活动开展困难等诸多问题与挑战。解决现有多种用工制度下国企团工作中的困难和问题的主要思路与方法是：以青年为本，竭诚服务青年，促进青年与企业和谐发展，进一步解放思想，突破体制束缚，创造性地开展企业共青团工作。     

A NATIONWIDE SURVEY OF MANDATORY PARENT EDUCATION*

In an effort to take positive steps toward coping with problems for families and children created by high levels of separation and divorce, ever increasing civil caseloads and the exposure of children to interparental conflict, court‐affiliated educational programs have emerged in the United States for parents separating from their spouse or partner or going through a divorce. This article will provide an overview of the creation of such programs and their development, which includes a discussion regarding the numerous states currently mandating parents to attend. It will summarize some of the research which has been conducted as to the efficacy of the programs and will provide the results of our nationwide research for each state's parent education status. There is a discussion of domestic violence issues and sensitivities in the context of parent education programs and possible future directions for mandatory parent education.     

蜜蜂白垩病的病原和防治技术研究

蜜蜂白垩病是西方蜜蜂( Apis mellifera L.) 的一种新的恶性传染病。从白垩病的蜜蜂幼虫尸体分离出病原菌蜂球囊菌( Ascosphaera apis) ,经光学显微镜观察,该菌的菌丝直径2 .0 ～3 .0 μm ,孢囊为黑色球状,直径40 .0 ～45 .0 μm ;孢囊内有许多孢子球,孢子球的直径9 .0 ～11 .0 μm ;孢子球又由许多孢子组成;孢子表面光滑,呈肾形或长椭圆形,大小2 .4 μm ×1 .2 μm ,孢子长与宽的比值为2 .0 。通过感染试验,确定了蜜蜂白垩病的病态发展过程以及蜜蜂幼虫的最易感染日龄。总结出影响该病的因素以及该病消长规律,提出了以防为主,防治结合的综合防制措施。     

The effectiveness of NGO self‐regulation: theory and evidence from Africa

Non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) play an increasingly important role in public service provision and policy making in sub‐Saharan Africa, stimulating demand for new forms of regulatory oversight. In response, a number of initiatives in NGO self‐regulation have emerged. Using cross‐national data on 20 African countries, the article shows that self‐regulation in Africa falls into three types: national‐level guilds, NGO‐led clubs and voluntary codes of conduct. Each displays significant weaknesses from a regulatory policy perspective. National guilds have a broad scope, but require high administrative oversight capacity on the part of NGOs. Voluntary clubs have stronger standards but typically have much weaker coverage. Voluntary codes are the most common form of self‐regulation, but have the weakest regulatory strength. This article argues that the weakness of current attempts to improve the accountability and regulatory environment of NGOs stems in part from a mismatch between the goals of regulation and the institutional incentives embedded in the structure of most self‐regulatory regimes. The article uses the logic of collective action to illustrate the nature of this mismatch and the tradeoffs between the potential breadth and strength of various forms of NGO self‐regulation using three detailed case studies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Between Interculturalism and Ethnocentrism: Local Government and the Indigenous Movement in Otavalo‐Ecuador

To what extent might an indigenous mayor govern beyond ethnically defined grievances, without being labelled traitor by the indigenous organisation? This article deals with the challenges faced by the Ecuadorian indigenous movement when it attains power in local government. The issue will be explored through the case of Mario Conejo, who in 2000 became the first indigenous mayor of Otavalo representing the indigenous political movement Pachakutik. Although ethnically based tensions in the local indigenous movement were evident throughout the period, 2006 saw Conejo leave Pachakutik and create a new political movement. This rupture can be traced, I argue, to an intercultural dilemma and the difficulties of ethnically defined political movements.