对提单“提货凭证“功能重大变革反思——评《UNCITRAL运输法草案》的相关规定

为解决提单迟延的难题,《UNCITRAL运输法草案》对可转让提单的“提货凭证”功能进行了大胆的改革。本文认为,《草案》的制度设计,不具有合理性与可操作性,还将导致提单物权凭证功能的丧失。在电子提单得到普及前,凭保函放货是解决提单延迟问题的务实方法。     

新城疫病毒V4株L基因的克隆与序列分析

设计了 2对引物V4L1、V4L2和V4L3、V4L4 ,用RT PCR法对新城疫病毒 (NDV )V4克隆株的L基因进行了分段克隆。用V4L1、V4L2扩增出约 4 .1kb的V 4LA片段 ,用V4L3、V4L4扩增出约 3.5kb的V 4LB片段 ,分别对克隆出的 2个片段进行序列测定 ,并用DNAsis软件比较分析后进行拼接 ,得到长约 7.2kb、包含有NDVV4克隆株L基因全长的核苷酸序列。NDVV4克隆株L基因mRNA全长为 6 70 4bp ,拥有 1个 6 6 15bp的开放阅读框 ,推测其编码的氨基酸数为 22 0 4个。氨基酸同源性分析表明 :V4克隆株与HB92V4株L基因的同源性为 99.0 % ,与LaSota、B1、B1T(美国Takaaki分离株 )、BeaudetteC、Clone30、F4 8E9、SF0 2和ZJ1株的同源性为 94 .1%～96 .5 %。     

信用证支付中基础合同的独立性探析

在信用证作为普遍支付方式的国际贸易过程中,基础合同是否独立于信用证一直是理论界和司法界颇具争议的问题.文章从理论基础和司法实践两方面对基础合同的独立性问题进行探讨,认为基础合同不能完全独立于信用证而存在,信用证的修改将对基础合同产生影响.在论证基础合同不完全独立于信用证的同时,分析了在信用证修改的情况下,基础合同的一方当事人还能不能以原合同中的权利救济条款向另一方主张权利的问题,并提出了处理具体案件所应遵循的规则.     

论我国信用证欺诈立法的缺陷与完善

我国有关信用证欺诈的立法在实体上存在着很大的模糊性和不确定性,在程序方面过于零散、不严密,这给司法实践带来了诸多不便。为了促进我国对外贸易的发展,有必要细化《刑法》关于信用证诈骗罪的规定,完善《民事诉讼法》关于诉讼保全的规定,制定系统的信用证欺诈法,并吸收国外一些成熟的立法和司法经验。     

Medical data breaches: Notification delayed is notification denied

The EU and the United States have implemented data breach notification rules that cover the health sectors. Nevertheless, data breach incidents involving medical data continue to rise, especially in the US and the UK. The HITECH Act, Pub. L. 111-5 Title XIII is the first federal health breach notification law in the US to be characterized by less government intrusions, while the revised EU Privacy Directive, 2009/136/EC calls for tougher privacy protection for data held by electronic communication providers. While the EU law sets a global de facto standard, the law remains toothless without strong enforcement mechanisms.     

非洲猪瘟TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立与应用

为建立检测非洲猪瘟病毒(African swine fever virus,ASFV)的快速诊断方法,本研究根据ASFV SY18株p17蛋白的编码基因D117L的保守序列设计并合成引物和探针,建立了基于ASFV p17蛋白的编码基因D117L的TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法,并验证其特异性、灵敏性和重复性。结果显示,本研究建立的TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法的C_t值与标准品在1×10^9~1×10^1copies/μL范围内呈良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.998,斜率为-3.192,检测下限为10 copies/μL,且与其他能引起相似症状的猪源病毒无交叉反应。重复性试验结果显示,组间与组内变异系数均小于1.920 7%,重复性好。此方法可用于ASF的早期诊断和ASFV快速检测。     

A novel chitosan/tripolyphosphate/L‐lysine conjugates for latent fingerprints detection and enhancement

Most chemical and physical methods employed in visualizing latent marks have shown detrimental effects on human health and, therefore, some research groups have directed their attention to the utilization of various (bio)polymers with the aforementioned purpose. Although chitosan is widely used in medicine, pharmacy, food, and drug delivery systems, there are very few studies that address this biopolymer utilization in forensic applications, such as the detection of latent fingerprints. We used chitosan crosslinked with sodium tripolyphosphate and conjugated with L‐lysine to enhance the visualization of latent fingerprints, due to its ability to interact with fingerprint sweat residues. These conjugates were prepared using different (w/w) amounts of chitosan and tripolyphosphate (6/1; 4/1; 1/1; 1/4; and 1/6), and those with the most promising results (i.e., 6/1 formulation) were investigated in detail. Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy confirmed interactions between components of the systems. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis showed that prepared powder formulations were uniform in size and confirmed that chitosan/tripolyphosphate/lysine conjugates bind easily to the sweat and lipid residues present in the latent fingerprints. The testing of prepared conjugates demonstrated the potential of these systems as bio‐based powder substitution for commercially available powders.     

反向表达狂犬病病毒糖蛋白的重组伪狂犬病病毒Bartha-K61株的构建

为构建以伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)Bartha-K61株为载体的反向表达狂犬病病毒(RV)糖蛋白(rgp)的重组活载体疫苗,将EGFP-rgp的表达框克隆入p8-AA载体的Sph Ⅰ/Nde Ⅰ酶切位点处,经酶切鉴定为反向连接,阳性重组子命名为p8AA-EGFP/rgp.在质脂体介导下将该质粒与Bartha-K61共转染PK-15细胞,获得rPRV/EGFP/rgp重组病毒.对纯化后的重组病毒进行RT-PCR、Western-blot和间接免疫荧光鉴定.结果表明,重组病毒的效价(TCID50)为108.25/mL;外源基因在细胞内得到了有效的表达,并具有良好的免疫反应性和遗传稳定性.     

Quantitative Determination of Cannabinoids in Cannabis and Cannabis Products Using Ultra‐High‐Performance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Diode Array/Mass Spectrometric Detection

Ultra‐high‐performance supercritical fluid chromatography (UHPSFC ) is an efficient analytical technique and has not been fully employed for the analysis of cannabis. Here, a novel method was developed for the analysis of 30 cannabis plant extracts and preparations using UHPSFC /PDA ‐MS . Nine of the most abundant cannabinoids, viz . CBD , ?⁸‐THC , THCV , ?⁹‐THC , CBN , CBG , THCA ‐A, CBDA , and CBGA , were quantitatively determined (RSD s < 6.9%). Unlike GC methods, no derivatization or decarboxylation was required prior to UHPSFC analysis. The UHPSFC chromatographic separation of cannabinoids displayed an inverse elution order compared to UHPLC . Combining with PDA ‐MS , this orthogonality is valuable for discrimination of cannabinoids in complex matrices. The developed method was validated, and the quantification results were compared with a standard UHPLC method. The RSD s of these two methods were within ±13.0%. Finally, chemometric analysis including principal component analysis (PCA ) and partial least squares‐discriminant analysis (PLS ‐DA ) were used to differentiate between cannabis samples.     

Excuses, excuses

Justifications and excuses are defenses that exculpate. They are therefore much more like each other than like such defenses as diplomatic immunity, which does not exculpate. But they exculpate in different ways, and it has proven difficult to agree on just what that difference consists in. In this paper I take a step back from justification and excuse as concepts in criminal law, and look at the concepts as they arise in everyday life. To keep the task manageable, I focus primarily on excuses and excusing activities, distinguishing them from justifications as well as from other close relatives, in particular, forgiving and pardoning. I draw upon J.L. Austin’s classic “A Plea for Excuses,” but expand on his account, suggesting that we offer excuses for reasons besides those he mentions. My hope is that my examination of excuses and excusing activities will help us rethink our views on just how justifications and excuses differ, views which often are worked out without much attention to how these concepts function in everyday life and to the connection between offers of excuses and justifications and the “rules of civility.”