Seeing land deals through the lens of the ‘land–water nexus’: the case of biofuel production in Piura,Peru

ABSTRACT

This contribution examines two large-scale land acquisitions on Peru’s northern coast, using a ‘land–water nexus’ approach. The establishment of large sugarcane monocultures resulted in a massive transfer of land and water rights from smallholders to biofuel companies. Using Ribot and Peluso’s theory of access, we demonstrate that this transfer of rights was enabled by the convergence of neoliberal land and water reforms and the presence of the two investors. This constellation (1) altered smallholders’ bundles of rights; and (2) created sharp imbalances that radically changed access to land and water, not only through changing bundles of rights, but also, and maybe more significantly, through widening the gaps between smallholders’ and biofuel companies’ bundles of powers. Using Hall et al.’s powers of exclusion approach, we identify the processes both underpinning and resulting out of the changing access relations analyzed in this study. Changes to Peru’s water governance may accentuate power asymmetries between investors and smallholders, constraining locals’ access to increasingly scarce water.     

不完备法律理论下我国食品安全治理改革——从立法完善主义到合理分配剩余执法权

当前我国食品安全治理改革的总体思路是一种建立在建构理性基础上的立法完善主义,即通过对国家立法的不断完备化努力来渐进式地推动我国食品安全治理的改进.不完备法律理论揭示了法律由于人类理性的不及性而通常是不完备的现实,并指出在法律高度不完备状态下,需要在监管者和法院之间合理分配剩余立法权与执法权.根据这一理论,我国在尝试不断完备食品安全治理法律体系的同时,更应注重合理设计监管者与法庭之间关于食品安全剩余执法权的分配体系.由于食品安全市场不能同时兼备不完备法律理论下关于法院与监管者之间如何分配剩余立法权和执法权时所需要参照的标准化因素和预期负外部性效应强度两个条件,因此我国食品安全治理只能综合利用监管者与法院这两种力量,实现剩余执法权的二元互动分配.     

论集体土地所有权制度之完善--兼评物权法草案第八十八条

农村集体土地所有权制度的改革是目前学界关注的热点。笔者认为 ,我国物权法应保留集体土地所有权。权利主体应界定为村农民集体经济组织 ,所有权的行使应由经董事制改造后的村民委员会即村资产管理委员会行使 ,同时物权法应对集体土地所有权的权能予以充实     

论人民代表大会在绩效预算改革中的运作与影响——以广东省A区为例

在当代中国的人民代表大会制下,加强人民代表大会对政府预算的监督是深化预算制度改革的核心内容。但是,在信息不对称的背景下,由于缺乏科学有力、具体可行的制度安排,人大的预算监督在实践中往往被大大弱化。通过参与式观察及无结构访谈的形式搜集广东省A区开展绩效预算改革的实证资料后发现,尽管以财政部门为主导的绩效预算改革模式缓解了人大与政府间的信息不对称现象而有助于加强人大的预算监督,但由于人大在改革中未能发挥主导作用而损害了绩效预算改革的最终效果。因此,发挥人大的内在优势,并以构建强化人大预算监督的制度安排为主要目标,应当是当前地方政府推行绩效预算改革的不二选择,而强化预算体制的公共性则应当是绩效预算改革的基本主轴。     

Meaning construction in legislative discourse: a sociosemiotic interpretation on supervision system reform in China

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the reform of supervision system in China through the Supervision Law, and identifies this Law as a sign within its corresponding social and political purposes and intentions from the sociosemiotic perspective. Within its legislation process, the Supervision Law could be identified as both a sign textualized among the disciplinary regulations, and as a signifier configured with the successive interpretants by relevant laws, for example, the Constitution Amendment 2018 and the Criminal Procedure Law 2018, showing the social construction of legislative meaning as infinite semiosis. In other words, from the whole process of sign perception, reception, acceptation, and interpretation, a legislative text could be interpreted both as a sign constructed in the external but relevant sign systems and as a signifier reconstructed with the successive but infinite interpretants in the internal sign system. This study also finds that the social construction of meaning is achieved and represented to the extent which is constructed through the representation and interpretation of law-making process by sign receivers or legal participants.     

检察机关合规不起诉裁量权限制的三种模式

作为一种以合规激励为核心的合作性司法模式,合规不起诉制度是起诉便宜原则的又一适用场域。如何明确和限制检察机关的自由裁量权,是在探索合规不起诉制度时应该关注的问题。从比较法的视野来看,美国的内部控制模式和英国的司法监督模式是目前限制合规不起诉裁量权的两种主要代表模式。内部控制模式以美国司法部的内部文件的约束为主要手段,侧重发挥合规不起诉制度的犯罪预防和社会治理功能。司法监督模式以法官的司法审查为主要手段,关注对合规不起诉裁量权的实际控制问题。我国对合规不起诉裁量权的限制采用的是双重控制模式,即以保护民营企业这一基本原则与合规不起诉制度的适用条件为内部约束,以第三方监督评估机制与合规听证为外部监督机制。作为主管部门的最高人民检察院,可以通过制定司法解释或者规范性文件,总结实践经验,进一步细化合规不起诉适用对象的遴选条件,明确有效合规的标准,促进程序公开透明。     

未成年人刑罚执行监督的困境及建议

未成年犯的特殊性要求人民检察院在刑罚执行监督时根据未成年犯的特性,确定监督重点。有效地实现对未成年犯刑罚执行的监督关键需要刑罚执行机关和执行监督机关加快专业化进程。检察机关探索由未检部门负责未成年犯刑罚执行监督工作,构建"捕诉监防"一体化模式,具有必要性和可行性。     

慈善法之滥觞--《慈善法史1532-1827》评介

琼斯教授在《慈善法史1532-1827》一书中试图通过分析慈善法之"滥觞",进而为慈善法的核心内容问题寻求合理的解答。为此他回溯至历史上最早的慈善法,即英国《慈善用益法》,并以该法的立法构造及其司法续造为线索,细致地勾勒出慈善法自滥觞以来近三百年的演进历程。向读者们清晰展现了立法者在制定法中强调以监督为核心的理论逻辑和实践困境,以及大法官在判例法中转而强调以赋权为核心的实践背景和规范构造。本书通过对从监督到赋权的立法演进所做的经验总结,不仅向读者们传递了慈善法应更强调赋权而非监督之观点,且也为我国慈善立法及其完善提供了有益的启示。     

Living in a Policy State: From Trust for Sale to Trust of Land

The Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996has transformed the nature of co-ownership interests in land.The trust for sale, which governed dealings in co-ownedproperty under the Law of Property Act 1925, and whichmade sale the presumptive object of co-ownership, has been replaced by a trust of land, under which co-owners retainan interest in the land itself, rather than its capital value.This article considers the likely impact of this legislativepolicy departure, particularly in relation to the court'swillingness to grant an order for the sale of co-owned propertyon application by a creditor, and against the wishes of anon-debtor co-owner occupier.     

台湾地区两岸协议监督机制法制化评析

台湾地区监督两岸协议的基本规范始于上世纪90年代初,但关于制定两岸协议监督专门条例的争议却持续了20年,主要包括两岸协议的法律性质之争,立法监督的深度和方式之争以及公众参与的限度之争。台湾内部关于两岸协议监督机制法制化的争议,表面上体现为行政权与立法权之间的紧张关系,其实质是蓝绿政治势力对大陆政策主导权的争夺,同时也夹杂着少数政治人物的个人政治企图。鉴于其“泛政治化”的本质,“两岸协议监督条例”对两岸关系的消极影响不可小觑。