公司治理机制：主动监督（激励）与退出威胁的选择

公司治理机制可分为两类:一类是委托人的主动监督(激励),一类是出资者的退出威胁.当主动监督方式由公有资产代理人执行时,由于产权残缺的影响,最好利用退出威胁,让市场这支"看不见的手"来约束内部人.对私人企业来说,由于私人产权的完整性可以施加有效的激励与约束,并且对经营者的主动监督是不可或缺的,因此由私人股东运用主动监督(激励)机制是必要且有效的.     

论民法上土地与建筑物的关系——以一元推定主义为中心的理论探索

对于民法上土地与建筑物的关系问题,学术界长期以来众说纷纭。但通过一种形而下的还原性考察可以发现,罗马法及近现代范式民法其实既未采取绝对的一元主义,也不是纯粹的二元主义,而是以一元推定主义为共性,英美法亦不例外。我国立法尚有必要进一步契合一元推定主义的法理,妥善安排土地权利与建筑物权利的得丧变更,以保障秩序、自由、平等和效益等多元价值目标的协调。     

The challenge of locating land-based climate change mitigation and adaptation politics within a social justice perspective: towards an idea of agrarian climate justice

Abstract

The global land rush and mainstream climate change narratives have broadened the ranks of state and social actors concerned about land issues, while strengthening those opposed to social justice-oriented land policies. This emerging configuration of social forces makes the need for deep social reforms through redistribution, recognition, restitution, regeneration and resistance – book-ended by the twin principles of ‘maximum land size’ (‘size ceiling’) and a ‘guaranteed minimum land access’ (‘size floor’) – both more compelling and urgent, and, at the same time, more difficult than ever before. The five deep social reforms of socially just land policy are necessarily intertwined. But the global land rush amidst deepening climate change calls attention to the linkages, especially between the pursuit of agrarian justice on the one hand and climate justice on the other. Here, the relationship is not without contradictions, and warrants increased attention as both unit of analysis and object of political action. Understanding and deepening agrarian justice imperatives in climate politics, and understanding and deepening climate justice imperatives in agrarian politics, is needed more than ever in the ongoing pursuit of alternatives.     

The right to food in the context of large-scale land investment in Ethiopia

Abstract

Since the global food crises of 2007, smallholder farmers, pastoralists, indigenous peoples and other rural groups in many developing countries have seen their access to land, water and forest resources being threatened and reduced due to the acquisition of those resources by other actors – acquisitions that may have been promoted by state policies. Taking up the case of Ethiopia, this article aims to explore the implications of large-scale agricultural investments for local food security and the right to food. The article argues that in the context of the recent and ongoing large-scale agricultural investments driven primarily by the state, the interpretation and realisation of the right to food becomes a politically contested issue and that such investments run counter to implementing the state’s obligation to protect local people’s access to and procurement of adequate food. It argues that the large-scale agricultural investments both condition and pervert the realisation of food security.     

‘The Assembly Line and Cars Come First’: Labor Relations and the Demise of Nissan Car Manufacturing in Australia

This article examines the fate of Nissan's plant in Melbourne, Australia, which the company closed in 1992. Studies of Japanese car plants that were set up in overseas markets have generally been positive, outlining how these firms were able to thrive by setting up flexible or lean production methods. In Australia, however, the company was unable to establish lean production and executives complained bitterly about union resistance to non-traditional production methods. The plant was also dogged by poor worker morale and high turnover. This is the first study of Nissan's Australian plant and it shows that not all Japanese transplants were successful.     

Livestock livelihoods compromised: the dilemma of the Fast Track Land Reform and Resettlement Programme in Matabeleland South,Zimbabwe

This article attempts to unravel the rubric of livestock rearing in Southern Matabeleland in the aftermath of the Fast Track Land Reform and Resettlement Programme (FTLRRP). It also shows how livestock rearing has been placed high in livelihood rankings in this region. The article is based on a detailed ethnographic study of the impact of the FTLRRP in the decade 2000 to 2010 in Gwanda and Umzingwane districts, and is an extract of my PHD thesis entitled ‘Visible hectares, Vanishing livelihoods’. The broad argument of the thesis is that the land reform programme has achieved change of commercial land ownership patterns from ‘white’ to ‘black’ Zimbabweans. The programme however has not coupled that with the support necessary to improve the livelihoods of the majority of people in the region. One of the impediments is that the state-crafted ‘one size fits all’ resettlement model failed to take cognisance of the socio-economic and ecological conditions of different provinces in the country. Hence the argument in this article is that the FTLRRP could have improved livelihoods of people in this region if livestock rearing was given priority and support by the state.     

我国土地调控失灵的制度经济分析

中国城市化发展的直接后果就是大量农用地转化为非农用地,耕地资源日益减少.对此,中央政府加强了土地调控力度,严格保护土地资源.但地方政府有与中央不同的目标,而现有的土地产权制度为地方政府规避中央的调控政策提供了可能性.在梳理现代产权理论的基础上,深入剖析了土地产权的三重分割问题,即土地国有和"全民所有"的分割,所有者与管理者的分割,以及中央政府与地方政府的分割.地方政府实际上获得了管理和经营土地资源的直接权力,而又无需承担相应的长期后果.这一方面激励地方政府超常经营土地的行为,形成所谓"土地财政"现象;另一方面造成土地保护陷入集体行动困境.由于土地管制和市场调节双重失灵,尽管中央政府不断收紧土地闸门和信贷闸门,对土地开发市场的调控效果仍不明显,土地资源的低效率运用未见实质性改观,耕地保护压力仍然很大.     

Land grabbing or economic development? A modernisation debate enacted on Bugala Island,Uganda

ABSTRACT

Globally, the phenomenon of large-scale land leasing, or ‘land grabbing’, is the subject of increasing concern. At the heart of the criticism of this phenomenon is the debate over the most appropriate methods of achieving economic development within the context of a rapidly globalising world. This paper analyzes the process and outcomes of establishing an oil palm plantation on Bugala Island, Uganda. The author asserts that tensions over land use within Uganda reflect incompatible understandings of the relations between land and society and distrust amongst stakeholders. In this case, in spite of these incompatibilities and distrust, the plantation has resulted in positive results for both local land users and the national economy. Yet at the same time, it demonstrates a traditional approach to land use that ignores past injustice and does not recognise power differentials.     

交易费用与出租汽车政府规制模式选择--基于Q市个案的分析

作为共享经济在出租汽车领域的代表,网约车给人们带来了极大的便利,也给传统的政府规制模式带来了挑战。本文以Q市出租汽车规制为个案,剖析出租汽车政府规制不同模式的差异及其内在机制。基于规制的标准制定、控制机制及执法方式等要素上的差异,本文将Q市巡游车与网约车规制分别概括为科层规制与合作规制模式。通过对规制空间中不同行动者的交易费用分析,研究发现Q市传统巡游车规制存在高昂的市场型与管理型交易费用,所以采用科层规制模式;而面对新业态的网约车规制,政府对共享经济的倡导降低了政治型交易费用,信息技术的充分应用减少了市场型与管理型交易费用,因此选择了合作规制模式。但随之产生的政府与平台公司之间高昂的管理型交易费用,是出租汽车政府规制实践中需要重点关注的内容。     

大陆集体土地征收补偿制度改革探讨--基于两岸土地征收的比较视角

土地征收不可避免，因涉及重大的利益调整，既需规范，也需谨慎启动。两岸虽然土地制度不同，但土地征收改革面临共性问题，在基本征收程序设置、利益衡量机制上均具有相似性。相比之下，大陆集体土地征收启动的前提条件失之于宽，政府享有事实上不受限制的征收权并缺乏制衡机制；补偿额未考虑所有权让渡，仅部分弥补使用权价值；在补偿价的形成方式上，剥夺了集体土地所有者的市场主体地位，同时，集体所有权虚置，土地集体所有权的共有人被架空。通过适当界定征收目的性限制，转变城镇化建设思路，克制征地行为的启动与征收规模；承认土地集体所有权平等独立的市场主体地位，市价补偿，打破土地供给垄断；明确征收相对人与重构集体经济组织并举，构建开放性的制衡机制，有助于平衡、保障各方利益，完善征地补偿制度。