土地征收与农业结构调整的法律思考

在因建设用地而导致土地的征收 ,并因此导致农用地的非农化、农业向其他产业的调整中 ,以及在以保护生态环境为目的的农业结构的内部调整中 ,都存在一些法律问题值得研究解决。     

土地征用制度中农民权益损害的分析

城市化进程中大量耕地的非农化转移是不可逆转的。农民作为弱势群体其利益的保护是必须关注的问题。现行的征地制度起源于计划经济时代,剥夺农民利益,进行工业化积累是无奈的选择,其中农民的利益损害是巨大的。从征地范围扩大化、产权制度不平等以及征地补偿不合理等方面,分析了征地过程中对农民利益的损害,并且全面论述了耕地价值的构成。以2000年耕地资源价值核算为例,量化土地资源价值量构成,表明现行征地补偿中所显化的耕地资源的经济价值只是其总价值中的一小部分平均,仅占到耕地总价的16%;耕地的社会保障价值和生态服务价值没有体现。从公平与效率角度出发,保护农民利益,提高土地利用效率是征地制度改革的原则和方向。     

“Land Grabbing” in an Autocracy and a Multi-Party Democracy: China and India Compared

ABSTRACT

Both China and India have witnessed extensive land expropriation by the state from farmers for use in industrialisation and urbanisation projects. Land conflicts have ensued from these developments. This article poses two questions: (i) Why do we see a similar escalation of land dispossession in both countries, despite their distinctively dissimilar political systems, one being a one-party authoritarian regime, the other being a multi-party democracy?; and (ii) How does the different regime type affect the politics of dispossession? Despite their diverse political institutions, government officials have been given similar incentives to chase growth by developing land, but the institutions create diverging environments for aggrieved citizens to mobilise for collective action. While it is unsurprising that the interests of the poor and weak are not protected in an autocracy, democracy provides no automatic safety valve in defending marginalised citizens either.     

Orchestrating Anti-Dispossession Politics: Caste and Movement Leadership in Rural West Bengal

ABSTRACT

This article uses the concepts of orchestration and spectacle to analyse the work of leaders of an anti-dispossession movement in rural West Bengal. It examines what being a movement leader entails and argues for the importance of connections and social relations in the production of both movement leadership and movement spectacles. By introducing a Dalit perspective on a movement that was otherwise led by the local middle-caste peasantry, the article shows how local caste and class relations have been important in defining access to positions of movement leadership; in disconnecting specific Dalit interests from the movement’s larger political agenda; and in giving rise to certain forms of internal policing of caste boundaries within the movement. The fact that the ability to cultivate and “connect” to the new political spaces opened by the anti-dispossession movement correlates strongly with historically produced caste and class inequalities calls for greater attention to the internal caste politics of anti-dispossession movements.     

土地关联:家园依托与社会保障——新型工资劳动者角色规定及价值选择的基本条件

新型工资劳动者的身份具有二重性 ,其职业是工人 ,社会身份仍是农民。农民的“家园意识”以及他们承包的土地所具有的保险意义规定了他们的社会角色 ,并对他们的价值选择发生重要影响。割断新型工资劳动者同家园与土地的联系是必然的趋势 ,其根本途径是继续深化改革。     

市场经济与交易信用

交易信用是市场经济体系的重要构成内容,交易信用既是创造商机的工具,又是制造风险的源头。信用的稀缺程度决定着交易双方对信用的利用水平,因此,建立和完善适用于我国的市场经济信用体系是净化流通环境和促进经济发展的必然。     

当前农民土地财产权体系重构之探讨——以基本人权为视角

本文以生存权与发展权这两个首要的基本人权为逻辑起点，通过对两个首要的基本的人权与农民土地财产权关系之辨析揭示出我国当前农民土地财产权立法现状与人权保障的深刻矛盾，并在尊重客观事实的基础上提出了农民土地财产权体系之重构的设想。     

改革土地征用制度 实现城乡协调发展

随着我国工业化、城市化进程的加快,现行土地征用制度的不适应性和滞后性日益彰显。农村土地征用制度的改革应从本地实际出发,以完善农村土地产权制度为切入点,以建立科学的土地征用补偿机制为前提,以建立科学有效的农村社会保障制度为支撑,构成三位一体的农村土地征用制度的框架。     

La Marcha Violenta? Railroads and Land in 19th‐century Mexico

The impact of railroad development on land tenure and use in 19th‐century Mexico has long been central to interpretations of Mexico's rural history, in particular of the grievances culminating in the Revolution (1910–20). The prevailing interpretation, that railroads displaced Mexican peasants and smallholders from the land, has intuitive appeal but lacks empirical support. This article treats the question of the railroads' impact by studying the terms of the railroads' acquisition of land in southern Mexico. It argues that railroads failed to displace owners and occupants of the land, despite the governments's new laws and handpicked agents intended to oust recalcitrant residents with minimal delay and expense.     

不安抗辩权与预期违约两制度在合同法中的应用

预期违约和不安抗辩权分别为大陆法系和英美法系的传统制度 ,但在维护当事人的合法权益 ,从而维护交易秩序方面 ,可谓殊途同归 ,但毕竟根植于不同法系 ,从逻辑构建到制度设计都有所差异。我国合同法对两个制度的引进和发展具有现实意义 ,对我国司法实践产生重要的影响。