关联交易本质论反思及其重塑

关联交易是现代社会中一个日趋常见而又愈益复杂的经济现象,其本质在于它背离合同的意思表示一致规则,是仅仅体现当事人一方的意志和利益的交易行为。关联交易本身是中性的,不具有当然的非法性,因为关联交易作为当下的一种十分常见的经济现象,有其存在的社会经济条件,其中有佐证的观点认为可以节省交易成本,提高企业效率。准确认识关联交易的本质具有十分重要的意义。我国公司法要建立完善而富有体系性的关联交易制度,核心的制度是要建立对关联交易判断的公平性标准,并在此基础上确立司法最终判断原则。     

公安业务费保障体制的沿革与启示

新中国成立以来 ,公安机关先后实行过“垂直统一”和“分级管理”两种业务经费保障体制。公安业务经费保障体制的沿革给今后的公安经费管理工作提供了以下几点启示 :国家财政体制是公安业务经费保障体制确立的基础 ;法制建设的完善为公安业务经费保障体制框架的确立提供了法律依据 ;顾全大局、立足长远、保障公安事业发展是公安业务经费保障体制确立的根本出发点 ;大力发展本地区经济是缓解公安业务经费“供需矛盾”的唯一有效办法 ;公安业务经费保障体制框架的确立是公安经费保障建设的新起点。     

中国农村土地流转问题的法律思考

近些年土地流转在广大农村悄然兴起 ,它是继安徽凤阳县小岗村土地承包改革之后 ,来自农村的又一创新之举。它是市场经济在农村土地承包制度改革中的进一步深化 ,它不仅抑制了农村土地抛荒 ,而且还解决了农村土地资源的有效配置。但同时又存在着这样那样的问题 ,诸如 ,土地流转无法可依、农民土地承包权得不到有效保障、土地流转形式较乱、造成了一些纠纷等。当务之急是加强农村土地流转的法制建设 ,确认、巩固土地流转改革成果和解决存在的问题。首先是修改现存法律有关内容 ,其次尽快出台《农村土地承包法》 ,再是尽早制定《农村土地流转法》 ,明确土地流转的原则、形式、程序、监管和责任 ,使农村土地流转纳入法制轨道。     

Transaction costs in electoral coordination: How turnout shapes changes in the number of parties*

This article examines the forces shaping changes in the number of parties between consecutive elections. We argue that the transaction costs in electoral coordination depend on the turnout level in the previous election. The greater the number of peripheral voters entering the electorate, the less likely a substantial change in the distribution of partisan support in the subsequent election. The argument is tested using data for 313 parliamentary elections in 63 countries from 1990 to 2011, and two cases studies of countries using compulsory voting (the Netherlands and Australia).     

Mortality under and after sentence of male convicts transported to Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania), 1840–1852

This article reports on mortality in a cohort of 7084 English, Irish and Scottish-born convict men who were transported on 30 ships to Tasmania between 1840 and 1852. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study of convict mortality that systematically traces the mortality of convicts after emancipation as well as under sentence. This pilot study investigates the relationship between pre-transportation characteristics, convict discipline, reactions to convict discipline, and mortality under and after sentence of the male convict population. The convict men were various in their origins but shared the experience of penal servitude under the gaze of a paper panopticon. Controlling for other factors, the authors find that the convicts were more likely to die under sentence if they were born in Scotland, London or an industrial-urban area; if they exhibited disturbed mental behaviour under sentence, such as tearing their clothes; or if they had more time in solitary confinement or more accumulated insults of their mind and body. For those who survived sentence, mortality was higher for those born in an industrial-urban area, those who had more alcohol-related offences under sentence, those with more time in solitary confinement under sentence, and those who were violent or threatened violence while under sentence.     

Judicial Justice for Special Economic Zone Land Resistance

Abstract

The context for land resistance in liberalising India is dynamic. As the state promotes capital investment, lines between public and private are blurred. Land is central to these efforts, as new industries, mines, large-scale agricultural projects and infrastructure initiatives all require vast amounts of land. The introduction of Special Economic Zones (SEZ) in the Indian state of Goa highlight land deal tensions. Following protests rallying thousands and widespread public mistrust of land and regional planning processes, the state’s chief minister halted the zones. This action mollified public unrest and temporarily appeased anti-SEZ social movements. However, scepticism arose as the chief minister failed to legally de-register the zones and return SEZ lands to original owners or collectives. Amidst state inaction, movement members sought judicial justice. Protest and corruption theories are integrated with political interpretations of liminality in this article to frame how social movements shift their patterns of intervention in response to or in anticipation of inaction. Enhanced opportunities for corruption, exemplified by the SEZ model, lead movements to adapt strategies of resistance beyond state-oriented protest. The interventions discussed represent a shift in the ritual form of protest and the degree of political engagement with the judiciary. The multi-faceted contestation altered power structure, while politicising and scrutinising land deals.     

关于我国开征物业税的思考

我国房地产业税收存在租、税、费界定不清等问题,造成我国房价高。因此,从整体上改革房地产税费制度已成必须。而房地产税费改革的基本方向应该是“明租、正税、清费”。具体来说,就是在法律中明确规定,土地出让金作为地租形式,从原来购房时一次性交纳改为在使用期内逐年向当地政府交纳;统一征收物业税;清理房地产业中的各项杂费。     

Does the sequence of land reform and political reform matter? Evidence from state-building in Afghanistan

Property insecurity is associated with terrorism, insurgency and economic underdevelopment. For this reason, land reform is often implemented alongside political reform in post-conflict settings. In contrast, this article argues that political reform should be sequenced prior to land reform during state-building. Evidence from Afghanistan shows how land redistribution, legal titling, decentralisation of state-owned land and provision of legal services to resolve land disputes are unlikely to alleviate political violence or facilitate economic development without establishing or substantially improving political capacity, political constraints and inclusive political institutions at the local level. These findings suggest the importance of sequence in the process of land reform and political reform. More generally, political reform is a prerequisite for land reform to reduce violence and improve development prospects in post-conflict settings.     

我国行政征用法律制度现状及完善

行政征用是一种高现实操作频度的具体行政行为,关涉不同利益主体的平衡和社会资源的分配以及和谐稳定的发展大局。我国目前对行政征用的研究亟待深化。在立法层面上,有关行政征用的法律规范分散于各单行法律法规之中,对公共利益的界定不明确,缺乏征用的正当程序,缺乏明确公平的补偿标准,继而诱发行政征用在实践操作中出现诸多问题。本文针对目前我国行政征用实践过程中存在的问题,剖析其原因并提出相关的完善建议。