College Women and Sexual Assault: The Role of Sex-related Alcohol Expectancies

This study examined the relationship between alcohol, sex-related alcohol expectancies, and sexual assaults among women college students. Participants completed measures of sexual behaviors, sexual victimization experiences, sex related alcohol expectancies, and drinking habits. Based on participants’ responses women were categorized as having experienced no assault, unwanted sexual contact, sexual coercion, attempted rape, and rape. It was observed across groups that relative to controls, women reporting attempted rape and rape consumed higher levels of alcohol. Within group comparisons revealed that relative to controls, victimized women endorsed higher levels of sex-related alcohol expectancies. In the prediction of severity of sexual victimization, regression analyses revealed an interaction between alcohol consumption and expectancy of vulnerability to sexual coercion. At higher levels of alcohol consumption women endorsing high vulnerability to sexual coercion experienced more severe victimatization. Implications of the findings are discussed. This work was conducted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree by the first author under the direction of the third author.     

为日常生活批判再辩护——论列斐伏尔《日常生活批判》第二卷的基本意义

列斐伏尔是一位“广为人知”而“罕为人解”的西方马克思主义创始人。与其他一些重要著作相比,他的《日常生活批判》第二卷,由于种种原因,长期以来处于默默无闻状态。而实际上,本书具有重要而不可替代的地位与价值———因为它是列斐伏尔毕生惟一一卷将日常生活概念及其基本范畴进行专门而系统阐述的著作。《日常生活批判》第一卷在相当程度上仍然是抽象的哲学与艺术批判分析,第二卷则重新厘定了日常生活批判概念,建立了一整套批判现代性日常生活现实的哲学范畴体系与社会学方法,确立了日常生活作为“层次”或“平台”(level)而存在的理念,描绘了一幅与传统社会主义政治革命理想相区别的“瞬间的星丛”图景。     

犯罪控制论之犯罪时间

犯罪时间是研究犯罪控制的重要一环。由于时间的不可复归性,因此对时间的把握,无论是对犯罪实施者一方还是对犯罪控制者一方都有着极为重要的意义。研究犯罪时间,实际上就是研究犯罪发生的时间规律,为犯罪控制者提供一个较为明晰的参照系。     

人,一种追求意义的存在——弗兰克尔意义疗法述评

弗兰克尔意义疗法强调生活是有意义的;人有追求意义的意志;人有行使意义意志的自由。当这种追求意义的意志受到挫折时,有可能导致某种神经官能症。意义治疗就是要通过引导病人发现生活的意义达到治疗的目的。矛盾意向和去反思是意义治疗常用的技术。     

民族精神：安顿民族生命的精神家园

党的十七大报告中提出社会主义文化大发展大繁荣的宏伟目标。其中,“弘扬中华文化,建设中华民族共有精神家园”是一种新的表述。在科技发展El新月异、经济全球化、文化思潮多元化的今天,培育和弘扬以爱国主义为核心的民族精神具有特别重要的意义。中华文化源远流长、博大精深,总有一些核心价值观念能够穿越时空的界限,为中华民族世世代代所共享,其普适性为全人类所认同。传统文化的核心价值观是构成民族精神的主要组成部分,而民族精神则是安顿民族生命的精神家园。     

You shouldn't feel that way! Extending the emotional victim effect through the mediating role of expectancy violation

Recent research has shown that the ‘emotional victim effect’ (an emotional victim is more readily believed than a nonemotional victim) is mediated by expectancy violation: people base their judgments about a victim's credibility on their expectations of the victim's suffering. Victims whose behavior is inconsistent with these expectations suffer a loss of credibility. In this article, we further examine the role of expectancy violation and explore possible negative effects of a victim's highly emotional post-crime reaction. Using several mediations, we demonstrate three important contributions to the existing literature. First, we demonstrate that, in the same way as expectancy violation mediates the effect from nonverbal emotional expression on perceived credibility, this mediating effect would also hold for the verbal expression of emotions. Second, we demonstrate that expectancy violation mediates the effect from a victim's verbal emotional expression on the observer's attitude toward the victim. More specifically, we demonstrate that a highly emotional written Victim Impact Statement (VIS) could lead to secondary victimization, dependent on the observer's expectations regarding the effects of the crime. Third, this article is the first to demonstrate that expectancy violation leads to a negative effect on people's acceptance of the VIS in the criminal justice procedure.     

Maids and mothers: Domestic servants and illegitimacy in 19th-century Australia

Historically, domestic servants have been overrepresented amongst women whose ex-nuptial pregnancy became a public “problem.” Despite such apparent vulnerability, female rescue-workers also saw domestic work as the pathway to redemption for such women. Drawing on extensive Australian data on single mothers and their children in the 19th-century, this article investigates the complex relationship between domestic service and illegitimacy. While it will argue that the overrepresentation is more apparent than real, a product of the situation of the domestic servant whose workplace was her home and whose continued employment was often dependent on maintaining high moral standards, it will also contest the viability of domestic service as a “solution” for the mother compelled to work to support her child.     

Observer reactions to emotional victims of serious crimes: stereotypes and expectancy violations

Negative observer reactions towards victims may be related to people’s expectations of the characteristics and demeanor of an ideal victim. We examined how expressed emotion, victim sex, and type of victimization influence observers’ perceptions of victim credibility, victim character, and harm. Our hypothesis was that angry victims, male victims, and victims of sexual violence are perceived less positively than sad victims, female victims, and victims of physical violence. Additionally, we anticipated that expectancy violations following expressed agentic/high status, or passive/low-status emotions of the victim would lead to negative reactions. Participants (N?=?335) read a written victim impact statement, by a male or female victim of a sexual or physical assault, in which anger or sadness was expressed. The results show that observers generally respond more negatively to male victims than to female victims, and to victims expressing anger rather than sadness. However, a two-way interaction between expressed emotion and type of crime revealed that expressed emotion only significantly influences character derogation and victim credibility in cases of physical violence. Finally, emotion expectancy violations based on ex-ante expectations lead to derogation and diminished credibility. The discussion focuses on how emotion expectancy violations seem intimately tied to stereotype-ridden features of victimization.     

艺术自律终结的美学契机与生活美学的敞亮

艺术自律和审美现代性从争取自身存在的合法性地位开始,最终使得主体以感性的能力通达生存的价值追求和意义体验,但是伴随着整个社会思想文化的发展,艺术自律最终也面临着内部和外部的双重危机.现代派艺术自身的危机和后现代文化语境促使了后现代艺术的出现与转型,波普艺术、观念艺术、装置艺术、大地艺术、行为艺术等则是将艺术的反叛性、生活性和观念性发挥至极致,并且在美学领域与生活相结合,适应了后现代的文化景观,其建构起的主体化自由审美体验也给复杂的中国艺术和美学理论注入了强大的活力,并且以全球化普世性的维度影响了中国本土的言说方式,同时也给真诚生活的人们以建构历史的自由.     

Measuring Long Term Individual Trajectories of Offending Using Multiple Methods

Criminal career researchers and developmental criminologists have identified describing individual trajectories of offending over time as a key research question. In response, recently various statistical methods have been developed and used to describe individual offending patterns over the life-course. Two approaches that are prominent in the current literature are standard growth curve modeling (GCM) and group-based trajectory models (GTM). The goal of this paper is to explore ways in which these different models with different sets of assumptions, do in fact lead to different outcomes on individual trajectories. Using a particularly rich dataset, the criminal career and life-course study, we estimate a unique trajectory for each individual in the sample using the GCM and GTM. We also estimate separate trajectories for each individual directly using the long time series. We then compare these three separate trajectories for each individual. We find that the average trajectories obtained from the different approaches match each other. However, for any given individual, these approaches tell very different stories. For example, each method identifies a rather different set of individuals as desistors. This comparison highlights the strengths and weaknesses of each approach, and more broadly, it reveals the uncertainty involved with measuring long term patterns of change in latent propensity to commit crimes.