Violent Life Events and Social Disadvantage: A Systematic Study of the Social Background of Various Kinds of Lethal Violence,Other Violent Crime,Suicide, and Suicide Attempts1

ABSTRACT

Open sanctions and changes in conceptions of rehabilitation are changing qualification requirements in the field of prison and probation services. In particular, the significance of social interaction between employees and offenders has emphasized. This study examines this issue from the viewpoints of social constructionism and discourse analysis. Research material was collected by interviewing 11 Finnish Criminal Sanction Agency employees who prepared and enforced supervised probationary freedom. According to the results, social interaction was structured from different points of view and linked to differently constructed identities in the interviewees’ speech. Professional interaction and a confidential employee–offender relationship were viewed as a means to create occupational safety and prevent security risks, and also to support offender’s rehabilitation. In addition, employees used a discourse of daily interaction and support which emphasized the significance of everyday encounters with the offender. Employees were able to overcome the tension between support and control by flexibly combining the discourse of supervision with the discourse of daily interaction and support, which enabled them to support the offender without being a rehabilitation professional. The study reveals the central role of social interaction, which creates challenges for education, and the development of an organizational culture in prison and probation services.     

理想的重写与日常生活经验的肯定——论王蒙的“季节”系列小说及其他

王蒙晚年创作的“季节”系列小说在情节、人物、场景、细节等方面与其此前的小说均有不同程度的相似。可以说,“季节”系列小说是“老年”王蒙对“少年、青年、中年”王蒙人生经验、历史经验的重写,凝聚着“老年”王蒙的人生感悟与历史感怀,饱含着“老年”王蒙对一生所追求的理想的反思。但在“季节”系列中,王蒙的重写所倚重的是叙事视角的游移、叙事语言的狂欢,历史的沉重与人物的主体被无形中消解,理想的反思也停留在对日常生活经验的肯定之上。     

外企中方高管：远离政治的社会新阶层？①——以世界500强驻京外资企业中方高管为主体的一项考察

驻华外资企业中方高级管理技术人员在公共政治生活中参与程度不高,是因为他们在利益上与资产阶级更加接近,并且很少参与企业外部的政治活动。但是,他们进一步团结的基础和趋势是强势的,其代表资方影响政府决策能力的机会和能力也呈上升趋势。因此,作为潜在的政治主体,如何规范他们的利益表达,引导他们的政治意识,就成了一项紧迫的课题。     

Commercializing biomedical science in a rapidly changing “triple-helix” nexus: The experience of the National University of Singapore

Since the late 1990s, the Singapore government had embarked on a significant push to develop the city-state into a major life-science R&D and industrial cluster in Asia. Although a major focus of this new thrust involves attracting leading life science companies overseas to establish operations in Singapore and developing new public life science research institutions to attract overseas life science research talents (Finegold, Wong, and Cheah (2004)), the local universities are expected to play an important role as well. In particular, the National University of Singapore (NUS), the leading university in Singapore, has also started to pursue major strategic change to become more “entrepreneurial”, and identified life science as a major focus for technology commercialization as well. Adapting the “Triple-Helix” framework of Etzkowitz, Webster, Gebhardt, & Terra (2000), this paper examines the significant changes in the university-government-industry “Triple-Helix” nexus for life science in Singapore, and their consequent impact on life science commercialization at NUS. Implications for universities in other late-comer countries seeking to catch up in the global biotech race are discussed.      

Patenting and spin-off creation by Canadian researchers in engineering and life sciences

This paper examines the determinants of patenting and spin-off creation using survey data of 479 researchers in engineering and 449 researchers in life sciences funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). The results show that research novelty and laboratory size are the only two variables significantly explaining patenting and spin-off formation in both engineering and life sciences. Network capital explains spin-off formation in engineering and in life sciences as well as patenting in life sciences, but not in engineering. Furthermore, the results suggest that many categories of resources explain patenting and spin-off formation in engineering and in life sciences, but that the combinations of resources required differ for patenting and spin-off formation and between engineering and life sciences. The results of this paper suggest that customized policies would be required to accommodate differences between spin-off formation and patenting as well as between engineering and life sciences.      

THE RACE/ETHNICITY DISPARITY IN MISDEMEANOR MARIJUANA ARRESTS IN NEW YORK CITY

RESEARCH SUMMARY: This article examines the growth in marijuana misdemeanor arrests in New York City (NYC) from 1980 to 2003 and its differential impact on blacks and Hispanics. Since 1980, the New York City Police Department (NYPD) expanded its use of arrest and detention for minor offenses under its quality-of-life (QOL) policing initiative. Arrest data indicate that during the 1990s the primary focus of QOL policing became smoking marijuana in public view (MPV). By 2000, MPV had become the most common misdemeanor arrest, accounting for 15% of all NYC adult arrests and rivaling controlled substance arrests as the primary focus of drug abuse control. Of note, most MPV arrestees have been black or Hispanic. Furthermore, black and Hispanic MPV arrestees have been more likely to be detained prior to arraignment, convicted, and sentenced to jail than their white counterparts. POLICY IMPLICATIONS: In light of the disparities, we recommend that the NYPD consider scaling back on MPV enforcement and reducing the harshness of treatment by routinely issuing Desk Appearance Tickets when the person is not wanted on other charges, so that most MPV arrestees would not be detained. Furthermore, we recommend that legislators should consider making smoking marijuana in public a violation and not a misdemeanor. Lastly, we suggest ways that NYC could monitor the effectiveness of these policy modifications to assure that the city continues to meet its goals for order maintenance.     

毛泽东人生价值思想及对当代青年的启示

毛泽东的人生价值思想是在批判地继承中国传统人生价值观的精华、吸收借鉴西方资产阶级民主思想的合理成分及自觉接受马克思主义伦理思想的基础上形成的;它以全心全意为人民服务为核心,其思想内涵主要体现在对人生的价值依据、价值结构、价值标准、价值目标、价值实现条件及途径的揭示等方面;它启示当代青年必须把个人的志向与国家、民族的前途和命运相结合、自觉摆正个人利益与人民群众和集体利益的关系,正确对待中国传统文化和西方文化、坚持共产主义理想与目前阶段实践的统一.     

无期徒刑取代死刑的思考

无期徒刑取代死刑是刑罚轻缓化、人道化的必然结果。其具体应包括以下内容:建立以自由刑和自由刑替化措施为中心的刑罚结构,明确无期徒刑在刑罚体系中的地位;规定合理而必须的“关押期”;减少和避免司法错误;配合刑罚,建立科学合理的生产劳动制度和加强文化知识、技术技能教育;对被假释罪犯加强监管、落实帮教。