浅谈提高刑事案件中微量物证的利用率

微量物证是指那些在案件现场量小体微、不易被注意、但却能反映作案人相关信息的物证。随着犯罪技术的提高,微量物证的重要性越来越突出。然而由于我国对微量物证的研究起步较晚, 对犯罪现场的微量物证还没有充分的利用。为能有效利用微量物证,必须从思想上重视、技术上深入研究、方法上规范操作,并使现场勘查人员得到足够的培训,使之掌握常见现场微量物证的发现和提取方法。     

多角审视性别失衡与"缺失的女性"

性别失衡已成为我国一个严重的社会问题,性别失衡表现为人口不安全或人口自身状态恶化等危机的出现,而人口安全则是国家安全的重要的组成部分。形成性别失衡的原因复杂多样,其中深层原因是父系继承和女儿外嫁的隐性制度,根本原因是重男轻女,生男偏好的传统文化伦理因素,直接原因是产前胎儿性别鉴定和选择性别的人工终止妊娠手段的滥用。如果不及时预防和有效遏止,它引发未来的男性婚姻挤压和女性严重短缺等诸多社会矛盾,可能造成社会不稳定甚至动乱及危害国家人口安全等严重后果。对此,我们须通过多途径多手段提前干预和规制,如完善有关立法现有责任主体和相关责任追究制度、宣传倡导新型科学的生育文化、构建人口安全预警系统等,努力降低未来出生人口性别比和缓解我国男性婚姻挤压的矛盾。     

设备寿命周期的系统管理、维护和故障诊断

教学设备是教学发展的基本要素之一,良好的设备维护管理依赖于准确的故障诊断.针对高等院校各种教学设备的管理、维护和故障诊断问题,文章研究了从设备投入使用到退出使用的寿命周期全过程的故障率变化及故障特征,并介绍了一种贯穿设备整个寿命周期全过程的综合管理与维护的科学方法及原理.     

试论《公司法》第43条的“出资比例”

学术界和司法机关对中国《公司法》第43条规定的股东按出资比例行使表决权都存在着不同的理解。鉴于股东在股东会会议中行使表决权关乎公司的经营和股东权益的保护，正确理解《公司法》第43条规定的“出资比例”十分必要。该文归纳了理论界对“出资比例”的不同观点，从相关法理的角度对《公司法》第43条的“出资比例”进行了学理解释，并指出，除非公司章程另有规定，应将“出资比例”理解为股东认缴的出资比例。     

为量刑比例辩护

作为策略，为量刑比例辩护本就是一种提出和论证其规范正义性的学问，有效的辩护一般都有达致相关目标的最佳途径。从渊源上审视量刑比例的实践，从概念上把握量刑比例的属性，以理性为视角论证量刑比例的生成，并把重心落于量刑比例的确立，无疑是开展这种辩护的最佳途径。经由这一辩护，量刑比例的意义维度随即呈现，即防止和克服量刑活动的异化，突破和超越传统量刑的局限，推动和启迪量刑公正的实现。     

Measuring What Matters: A Call for a Meaningful Metric of Affordable Rental Housing Production Cost-Efficiency

The metric commonly used in debates and research concerning the cost-efficiency of multifamily rental housing production, total development cost per unit, sacrifices too much analytical power in return for its ease of computation. This article proposes a replacement metric, the subsidy per housing affordability equivalent (SHARE) ratio. This measure is applied to a set of 399 nonprofit-sponsored rental housing developments completed in California over the past decade. Evidence suggests that the use of SHARE would evaluate deeply subsidized family projects and mixed-use projects with commercial space more favorably than total development cost per unit would. The reverse is true for projects restricted to seniors and for those financed with Low-Income Housing Tax Credits.     

Simultaneous identification and δ¹³C classification of drugs using GC with concurrent single quadrupole and isotope ratio mass spectrometers

In this study, δ13C values of six cocaine samples were identified and classified using a single quadrupole mass spectrometer and an isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) as simultaneous gas chromatography detectors. Our instrument modification is simple to use and is useful (i) when the sample is of limited size or can only be injected once, (ii) to help identify peaks in a complicated IRMS chromatogram, and (iii) to help differentiate very simple systems when impurity profiling is not possible. The EI-MS confirmed the identity of cocaine in each sample. The IRMS data distinguished 12 of the 15 possible pair-wise comparisons at the 95% CL. Three samples could not be differentiated by their δ13C ratios for cocaine. ANOVA demonstrated that the measurement variance was consistently larger than the sample variance. As the δ13C values clearly show, this technique enables the exclusion of a potential common source even when two samples have otherwise identical chemical and physical properties.     

Biometric Security and Privacy Using Smart Identity Management and Interoperability: Validation and Vulnerabilities of Various Techniques

The central position of this article is that validation and interoperability are paramount for the effective and ethical use of biometrics. Illuminating the relevance for policymakers of the science underlying the security and privacy aspects of biometrics, this article calls for adequate and enforceable performance metrics that can be independently corroborated. Accordingly, the article considers biometrics and forensics for the dual challenges of addressing security and privacy using smart identity management. The discussion revolves around the concepts of “personally identifiable information” (PII) and interoperability with emphasis on quantitative performance analysis and validation for uncontrolled operational settings, variable demographics, and distributed and federated operations. Validation metrics includes expected rates of identification/misidentification, precision, and recall. The complementary concepts of identity and anonymity are addressed in terms of expected performance, functionality, law and ethics, forensics, and statistical learning. Biometrics encompasses appearance, behavior, and cognitive state or intent. Modes of deployment and performance evaluation for biometrics are detailed, with operational and adversarial challenges for both security and privacy described in terms of trustworthiness, vulnerabilities, functional creep, and feasibility of safeguards. The article underscores how lack of interoperability is mostly due to overfitting and tuning to well‐controlled settings, so that validation merely confirms “teaching to the test” rather than preparation for real‐world deployment. Most important for validation is reproducibility of results including full information on the experimental design used, that forensic exclusion is allowed, and that scientific methods for performance evaluation are followed. The article concludes with expected developments regarding technology use and advancements that bear on security and privacy, including data streams and video, de‐anonymization and reidentification, social media analytics and cyber security, and smart camera networks and surveillance.