检察技术工作及其发展观初探

本文从法律和技术相结合的角度,阐述检察技术工作所涉及到的有关法律问题及这些法律问题通过检察技术得以实现的途径.阐述检察技术工作中为承担法律的实现所占的技术份额.出于上述的考虑,本文从检察技术,检察技术中法律的含量与技术的比值,检察技术的展望等四个方面阐述了检察技术的特色、法律和技术的融合等观点,就检察技术工作的发展提出四个呼唤.     

Aggregation,ratio variables,and measurement problems in criminological research

Issues of measurement error, level of aggregation, and ratio variables have been considered serious problems in criminological research. Although there have been many recent discussions of these issues in sociology and criminology, studies designed to assess the impact of these problems on the results of empirical research have, for the most part, been absent. After reviewing what is known theoretically and conceptually about these issues, an investigation which compares empirical analyses of a particular type of crime, homicide, that use different measurement strategies, different levels of aggregation, and ratio versus nonratio variables is presented. Utilizing homicide data from the mid-1970s and selected independent variables, the results of this investigation indicate that these three problems can interact in an empirical setting such that potential solutions to these problems do not always apply in the manner suggested in previous studies. The results also indicate that there is great risk in ignoring one or more of these problems in empirical research, in that different substantive conclusions can be reached from analyses that ignore these issues compared with analyses that deal directly with them.     

温差对弯管流量计的测量影响

随着弯管流量计在供热系统中的广泛应用 ,如何估算由弯径比变化产生的测量误差是人们关心的问题 ,本文详细介绍了在供热系统中温差对弯管流量计测量影响的原理 ,分析并估算了误差的大小。     

Preadolescents' Perceptions of Females' Body Size and Shape: Evolutionary and Social Learning Perspectives

One hundred and sixty-five Mexican American and Euro-American preadolescents' and their parents' perceptions of healthy and attractive female body sizes and shapes were examined in this study. Participants' perceptions of healthy and attractive female figures were assessed using a pictorial measure that systematically manipulated 3 levels of body size and 4 levels of body shape (i.e., waist-to-hip ratio; WHR). All participants tended to perceive females' with small WHRs as most healthy and attractive looking, while preadolescents expressed a preference for thinner female figures than did adults. Results further suggest that Euro-American and Mexican American participants report similar preferences for females' body sizes and shapes. However, little agreement was found between preadolescents' and their parents' preferences. Principles of evolutionary theory and social learning theory are used to interpret these findings, and implications for preadolescents' perceptions of their own developing bodies, body image, and related eating behaviors are discussed.     

The relationship between bias and swing ratio in the Electoral College and the outcome of presidential elections

In this paper, I assess how the outcomes of presidential elections are affected by the presence (or lack) of partisan bias in the Electoral College. There have been three instances (1876, 1888 and 2000) since the end of the Civil War where the party that lost the popular vote won the Electoral College. These instances raise the question of whether partisan bias consistently influences presidential election outcomes? I answer this question by first measuring partisan bias and then using these estimates to assess how partisan bias affects a party's odds of winning a presidential election. I find that the presence of partisan bias provides a sizable, but not insurmountable, obstacle for the disadvantaged party.     

REVISITING THE CRIMINOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF EXPOSURE TO FETAL TESTOSTERONE: A META‐ANALYSIS OF THE 2D:4D DIGIT RATIO*

As criminology has become more interdisciplinary in recent years, biosocial criminology has earned a place at the table. Although this perspective comes in many forms, one important proposition has gained increasing attention: that the 2D:4D finger digit ratio—a purported physical biomarker for exposure to fetal testosterone—is related to criminal, aggressive, and risky/impulsive behavior. Strong claims in the literature have been made for this link even though the findings seem to be inconsistent. To establish the empirical status of this relationship, we subjected this body of work to a meta‐analysis. Our multilevel analyses of 660 effect size estimates drawn from 47 studies (14,244 individual cases) indicate a small overall effect size (mean r = .047). Moderator analyses indicate that this effect is rather “general” across methodological specifications—findings that are at odds with theoretical propositions that specify the importance of exposure to fetal testosterone in predicting criminal and analogous behavior later in life. We conclude with a call for exercising caution over embracing the findings from one or two studies and instead highlight the importance of systematically organizing the full body of literature on a topic before making decisions about what does, and what does not, predict criminal and analogous behavior.     

亲权指数和个体识别似然比计算软件的开发与应用

目的建立计算亲子鉴定亲权指数(PI)和个体识别似然比(LR)的计算软件。方法依据相关行业规范和文献中给出的计算方法,利用计算机语言Visual Basic 6.0编写程序。结果开发出适用于PI和LR的计算软件。结论该计算软件可以帮助工作人员提高计算效率,服务法医物证工作。     

“同一认定”中的意见决策论

纵观法庭科学和其相关学科分支,学术研究人员和司法鉴定实践者对“同一认定”概念的理解存在着不同程度的偏离,其主张为“可以从潜在的一组来源中确定唯一的来源”。特别是近年来,在“同一认定”作为一种鉴定意见的实践发展进程中,关于“同一认定”的理解和认识仍停留在原有阶段,实践中基本没有实质性的改变[1]。更重要的是,专业协会和司法鉴定实践者舍弃了正式的意见决策论的概念来界定“同一认定”的本质,主要的难题是我们难以把握鉴定意见结果可取还是不可取的衡量尺度（如,利用效用函数）。在该领域现有的研究基础上,本论文引入并介绍了效用函数及损失函数的基本概念,同时特别提及他们在司法鉴定同一认定领域中的应用。本文强调,正确地理解同一认定意见决策工具,不仅可以减少“个人的”主观影响,而且还展示了如何将该理论与现实中的意见判断问题的构成特点联系起来。     

Consensus on validation of forensic voice comparison

Since the 1960s, there have been calls for forensic voice comparison to be empirically validated under casework conditions. Since around 2000, there have been an increasing number of researchers and practitioners who conduct forensic-voice-comparison research and casework within the likelihood-ratio framework. In recent years, this community of researchers and practitioners has made substantial progress toward validation under casework conditions becoming a standard part of practice: Procedures for conducting validation have been developed, along with graphics and metrics for representing the results, and an increasing number of papers are being published that include empirical validation of forensic-voice-comparison systems under conditions reflecting casework conditions. An outstanding question, however, is: In the context of a case, given the results of an empirical validation of a forensic-voice-comparison system, how can one decide whether the system is good enough for its output to be used in court? This paper provides a statement of consensus developed in response to this question. Contributors included individuals who had knowledge and experience of validating forensic-voice-comparison systems in research and/or casework contexts, and individuals who had actually presented validation results to courts. They also included individuals who could bring a legal perspective on these matters, and individuals with knowledge and experience of validation in forensic science more broadly. We provide recommendations on what practitioners should do when conducting evaluations and validations, and what they should present to the court. Although our focus is explicitly on forensic voice comparison, we hope that this contribution will be of interest to an audience concerned with validation in forensic science more broadly. Although not written specifically for a legal audience, we hope that this contribution will still be of interest to lawyers.