The Mediterranean basin: A population genetic study based on 25 X-chromosome SNPs

The X-chromosome has valuable characteristics for population genetic studies. In order to investigate the genetics of the human Mediterranean populations further, we developed a 25 X-chromosome SNP-multiplex typing system. The system was based on PCR multiplex amplification and subsequent multiplex single base extension with the SNaPshot reaction, capillary electrophoresis and multicolor fluorescence detection.We investigated 11 Mediterranean populations with the 25 X-chromosome SNPs. A high overall homogeneity was found among the Mediterranean populations except for Moroccans, who differed genetically from the rest of the populations in the Mediterranean area. This result supports the hypothesis of a low incidence of the south-north genetic interchange at the western shores of the Mediterranean basin. A low genetic distance was found between populations in the Middle East and the western part of the Mediterranean area most likely reflecting the strong effect of the Neolithic wave.A certain level of background linkage disequilibrium among the 25 SNPs on the X-chromosome in Ibiza and Cosenza was observed, possibly as a consequence of their demographic history.     

基层工会主席直选初探

基层工会主席直选 ,是工会性质决定的 ,也是改革、发展和稳定的时代要求。搞好这一工作 ,要解决好以下问题 :真正把选举权交给职工群众 ;化解非正常群众等不良因素对选举的干扰 ;提高直选的透明度 ;解决直选工会主席的待遇问题 ,等     

让沉重的问题逐步缓解——关于对困难职工群体社会保障工作的调查与思考

困难职工群体的存在是摆在各级党、政府和工会组织面前的一个十分沉重的问题.了解其现状,分析其成因,并冷静、客观地进行对策性思考,对于逐步解决这一问题无疑很有意义.     

谁的生育权？——丈夫生育权问题的法理分析

生育权的权利主体系合法婚姻关系成立的“抚育团体”。夫妻的任何一方都不能单独作为完整意义的生育权主体而存在。无论是出于夫妻感情破裂，还是因其中任何一方的生命权被剥夺，从而导致“抚育团体”破灭时，生育权的主体也就不再存在了。     

Look Back in Anger: Hemophilia and AIDS Activism in the International Tainted-Blood Crisis

During the 1980s, the AIDS epidemic devastated the hemophiliac population. It also fostered the emergence of hemophilia activists, who have had a profound effect on policy and politics in scores of nations. Drawing on case studies of 11 countries, this article examines the impact of this emerging interest group on politics and policy outcomes. In addition, it compares the strategies adopted by hemophilia activists and gay activists, specifically the reliance on victimization or rights as the premise of demands for public support. Although the article focuses on community mobilization around AIDS, it speaks more generally to the growing international impact of interest group (or identity) politics on policy.     

Informal ad hoc groupings of states as alternative means of conflict resolution： The case of ＂Contact Group＂

This paper investigates the role of informal groups, such as ＂Contact Group＂, in modem-day practice of conflict prevention, mediation, and settlement. It further aims to examine the legal status of this ad hoc grouping of states under international law, analyzing the Contact Group＇s involvement and operation in cases of Namibia （formerly South West Africa）, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo. This empirical survey is instrumental to delimit and define the relationship that is created between formal and informal processes and institutions at the planetary level, as a result of the emergence and proliferation of informal ad hoc groupings of states. The bases of authority, political effectiveness, and the place and position of the Contact Group within the existing UN system of collective security are used to understand the rationale behind the formation and existence, as well as contribution and utility of such informal structures.     

环境利益分配：环境法学的规范性关怀——环境利益分配与公民社会基础的环境法学辩证

分配是法律制度的基本功能之一,利益分配是法律制度分配功能的最核心部分。在物质文明基本满足甚至极大化丰富之后,人类显示出了对生态文明的积极追求倾向,世界进入了所谓的环境时代。环境时代的秩序意蕴两层含义,即人类与自然生态的秩序和人域社会内部的环境社会秩序,环境时代的秩序型构同样需要法律制度功能的充分彰显。文章认为,环境利益分配是环境法学的基础性规范关怀,通过环境法的环境利益公正合理分配,需要公民社会的充分养成与理性交往话语平台的有效建构,在此基础上,通过环境利益分配的环境立法、环境利益分配的环境法律制度结构和环境利益分配的环境法律实现等层面来达成环境法的环境利益分配功能。     

论地方政府决策中利益代表参与模式的法律建构

地方社会利益诉求多样化的现实导致传统的"传送带理论"无法圆满解释地方政府决策在利益取舍上的合法性。利益代表参与地方政府决策的模式将有助于缓解目前的"合法性缺失"以及相应的"决策失败"的困境。在利益代表参与模式下,参与者以"价值与技术"的基本区分为基础来确立利益代表参与的广度和深度,以资格界定和参与方式作为制度构建的核心。针对目前我国"专家理性"仍居主导地位的现状,有必要从现有的咨询专家委员会入手,将成员资格扩展至以相关利益主体构成的临时性代表,形成包括利益代表在内的咨询委员会制度,以此建构利益代表参与地方政府决策的制度端口。     

浅议妇女“弱势”的主体界定及其成因

保护与救济社会弱势群体是实现社会公平和法律正义的基本要求,是构建和谐社会的任务之一。以传统习俗等为代表的社会历史以及现行法律制度等对妇女权益保障的缺失是妇女"弱势"地位形成的主客观原因。只有对其进行深层次研究,才能为建立多渠道、全方位的妇女权益保障体系提供理论依据。     

非传统安全观下的城市应急指挥中心建设初探

非传统安全日益影响和威胁我们的生活,公安机关作为处理非传统安全的前沿主体之一,如何有效地应对非传统安全,是公安机关不得不思考的问题,本文从公安110联动机制的建设,城市应急指挥中心的建设等方面入手,提出建设以公安110为依托的城市应急指挥中心的可行性。