A method for the rapid detection of the zopiclone degradation product 2-amino-5-chloropyridine

Zopiclone (Zimovane) is a cyclopyrrolone compound which exhibits hypnotic and sedative effects while also exhibiting anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant activities. The detection and quantification of zopiclone is difficult. It has a high molecular weight compared to most other commonly used drugs, therapeutic levels are not high, and it is unstable in nucleophilic solvents. A degradation product of zopiclone, 2-amino-5-chloropyridine (ACP) together with a method for its detection using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection has been described previously. An account is presented of a simple method for the detection of ACP using gas chromatography with mass selective detection (GC/MS) which will facilitate detection of zopiclone use as part of a routine screen.     

武汉汉族人群STR基因座D3S1358、D13S317、D12S391的多态性研究

目的　调查中国武汉地区汉族人群STR基因座—D3S1 358、D1 3S31 7、D1 2S391基因频率分布和群体遗传数据。方法　从 2 0 8个汉族无关个体收集血液标本 ,应用PCR技术及聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳对D3S1 358、D1 3S31 7和D1 2S391基因座分型。结果　D3S1 358检出 7个等位基因和 4 1个基因型。三基因座基因型分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡。观察 2 31次减数分裂均未发现突变基因。另外 ,调查结果计算显示D3S1 358、D1 3S31 7和D1 2S391基因座的杂合度 (H)分别为 0 70 98、 0 80 56和 0 84 0 0 ;三个人识别能力 (DP)分别为 0 851 6、 0 9332和 0 952 3;非父排除率 ( pE)分别为 0 4 463、 0 60 1 6和 0 681 8。结论　D3S1 358、D1 3S31 7和D1 2S391基因座在群体遗传学研究和法医学亲子鉴定及个人识别中具有较高实用价值     

生物检材中吗啡类生物碱的LC-MS／MS分析

目的针对滥用药物分析鉴定实践中亟待解决的问题,开展LC-MS/MS分析生物检材中吗啡类生物碱的应用研究。方法满足不同的鉴定需要,分别建立血液、尿液、唾液和头发等生物检材的样品前处理方法,确定同时分析海洛因、单乙酰吗啡、吗啡、可待因、乙酰可待因、二氢可待因酮和氢吗啡酮等吗啡类生物碱的LC-MS/MS方法。将方法应用于实际案例。结果所建立的方法对吗啡类生物碱分离良好。尿液稀释法、尿液提取法和头发中吗啡的最低检测限(LOD)分别为10ng/mL、0.01ng/mL和0.01ng/mg。结论所建立的方法简便、快速、特异性强、灵敏度高。目标物中加入二氢可待因酮和氢吗啡酮扩大了方法的实用范围。     

固相萃取／LC-MS／MS测定尿液中吗啡类药物

目的 建立尿液中吗啡类药物的固相萃取／LC—MS／MS方法。方法采用OASIS MCX3cc（60mg）固相萃取柱进行提取,应用LC—MS／MS方法进行检测,运用保留时间和MRM方式对尿液中吗啡类药物及其代谢物进行定性定量分析。结果磷酸盐缓冲液pH4．0时,海洛因、6-MAM、可待因、吗啡、M3G的固相萃取回收率分别达64．33％-70．21％,96．95％～117．57％,83．60％～123．63％,68．82％～91．03％,94．64％～107．33％;最低检测限（LOD）分别为5、10、5、5、2pg,线性范围0．005～10μg／mL;相关系数分别为0．9998、0．9958、0．9992、0．9994、0．9997。结论本文所建方法,适用于尿液中吗啡类药物的分析。     

The challenges of fractionalized property rights in public‐private hybrid organizations: The good,the bad,and the ugly

Policy designers seeking to harness profit‐driven efficiency for public purposes are increasingly creating organizations with fractionalized property rights that distribute “ownership” among public and private actors. The resulting hybrids are quite diverse, including mixed enterprises, public‐private partnerships, social entrepreneurship organizations, government‐sponsored enterprises, and various other hybrid forms. Marrying public purposes to private sector efficiency and strategic flexibility provides a tempting rationale for mixing public and private owners in hybrid organizations. Because public‐private hybrids involve fractionalized property rights, however, they exhibit tension among owners over both strategy and, more importantly, goals. To understand public‐private hybrids, we assess them in terms of six dimensions of property rights: fragmentation of ownership, clarity of allocation, cost of alienation, security from trespass, credibility of persistence, and autonomy (of both owners and managers). The unclear allocation of fractionalized ownership rights facilitates the appropriation of financial residuals and asset ownership opportunistically. Other weaknesses in the property rights configurations of public‐private hybrids create managerial dissonance or opportunistic behavior that typically leads to a narrowing of goals, but sometimes also to organizational failure.     

Testing human hair for cannabis

To validate information on cannabis use, we investigated human hair and pubic hair for cannabinoids (THC and THC-COOH) by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Samples (100 mg approximately) were decontaminated with methylene chloride, then pulverized and dissolved in 1 ml 1 N NaOH for 10 min at 95 °C in the presence of 200 ng of deuterated standards. After cooling, samples were extracted by n-hexane/ethyl acetate after acidification with acetic acid. After derivatization of the dry extract by PFPA/PFP-OH, the drugs were separated on a 30-m capillary column and detected using selected-ion monitoring (m/z 377 and 459 for THC and THC-COOH, respectively). Forty-three hair samples were obtained from fatal heroin overdose cases. Among them, 35% tested positive for cannabinoids. Hair concentrations ranged from 0.26 to 2.17 ng/mg (mean, 0.74 ng/mg) and 0.07 to 0.33 ng/mg (mean, 0.16 ng/mg) of THC and THC-COOH, respectively. As is generally the case for other drugs detected in hair, metabolite concentration was always lower when compared to the parent drug concentration. In pubic hair, THC concentrations ranged from 0.34 to 3.91 ng/mg (mean, 1.35 ng/mg) and THC-COOH concentrations from 0.07 to 0.83 ng/mg (mean, 0.28 ng/mg). In most cases, the highest cannabinoid concentration was found in pubic hair, suggesting that this sample may be the more suitable for cannabis testing.     

DO PARENTS MATTER IN CREATING SELF‐CONTROL IN THEIR CHILDREN? A GENETICALLY INFORMED TEST OF GOTTFREDSON AND HIRSCHI'S THEORY OF LOW SELF‐CONTROL*

Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime (1990) has generated an abundance of research testing the proposition that low self‐control is the main cause of crime and analogous behaviors. Less empirical work, however, has examined the factors that give rise to low self‐control. Gottfredson and Hirschi suggest that parents are the sole contributors for either fostering or thwarting low self‐control in their children, explicitly discounting the possibility that genetics may play a key role. Yet genetic research has shown that ADHD and other deficits in the frontostriatal system are highly heritable. Our research thus tests whether “parents matter” in creating low self‐control once genetic influences are taken into account. Using a sample of twin children we find that parenting measures have a weak and inconsistent effect. We address the conceptual and methodological issues associated with the failure to address genetic influences in parenting studies.     

The detection of 6-monoacetylmorphine in urine, serum and hair by GC/MS and RIA

6-Monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) is a good indicator for the intake of heroin and can be detected in blood, urine and hair of heroin users. A new radioimmunoassay (RIA) designed specifically for 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) was tested for its usefulness for the quantitation of the drug in urine, serum and hair. Its cross-reactivity with heroin and its metabolites, and related compounds was also determined. Eighty-nine hair, six serum and 25 urine samples where 6-MAM had been previously identified by GC/MS were analysed for 6-MAM with the new RIA kit. A good correlation existed between the GC/MS and RIA results for the hair samples. However, the amount of 6-MAM found in serum and urine differed considerably between the two methods. This difference could be explained by the cross-reactivity of the antibody with morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide, which are present in much larger amounts in serum and urine, than in hair. To evaluate a new rationalisation procedure, some hair samples were split into two portions after incubation. One part was analyzed for 6-MAM by RIA, and the other portion by GC/MS.     

MS31A的MVR-PCR分型

建立一种快速MVR－PCR分析方法,对中国汉族群体样本进行小卫星MS31A（D7S21基因座）分型及其频率调查。采用同位素掺入扩增和中性聚丙烯酸胺凝胶电泳分离技术。对200名无关个体血液样品的分析结果表明,每一样品MVR－PCR图谱均可获得近40条谱带。经计算机编码分析,不同个体的编码均不相同。MS31A前40个重复单位1、2、3、4型的频率分别为25．3％,27．2％,47．3％和0．2％;DP值可达99．999999999999％;四代家系分析表明：亲代小卫星MS31A的重复单位可稳定地传递给子代,符合孟德尔遗传规律。灵敏度分析显示：该技术最低能检测出1ng的基因组DNA.MW－PCR分析方法在法医学个人识别方面具有应用价值。