婚约及彩礼返还的法律分析

婚约现象在我国特别是农村仍然大量存在,但我国法律未将婚约纳入调整的范畴。文章探讨了婚姻的性质,并分析了婚约解除后财礼的返还问题。     

现代化背景下的中国婚姻制度模式

婚姻是家庭的法制保障,人类繁衍的基础。中国传统的婚姻具有他主性、压女性、传嗣性等特征。在社会主义现代化的进程中,传统的婚姻观念和婚姻模式受到了强烈的冲击。在这一冲击中我国现代的婚姻制度呈现了良好的局面,但是也存在着一定的负面效应。因此,我们要在发挥其积极性的同时,也必须将其消极影响降到最低点。使现代的婚姻更加注重平等、自由、忠诚与和谐。     

Sex and the genuine marriage: consummation and conjugality in Canadian citizenship

The idea of consummation as definitive of a marriage seems antiquated today. Yet, consummation operates as a central criterion in determinations of a ‘genuine marriage’ in Canadian immigration law. Drawing on the marriage and migration literature, theorizations of sexual citizenship, and critical multiculturalism, we explore recent judicial considerations of consummation in Canadian family sponsorship adjudications. We searched the CanLII database (a Canadian database of legislation and judicial records) for the keywords ‘non-consummation’ and ‘genuine marriage’ and identified 68 cases. Of these cases, three primary themes emerged: the use of consummation as a ‘technology of love’ – a requirement for assessing the authenticity of the spousal relationship and hence the worthiness of sponsorship; the discursive construction of sexual and gendered norms in expectations around marital intimacy, and the articulation of liberal tolerance and the cultural other in the assessments of genuine marriages among primarily racialized Canadians or permanent residents and their foreign spouses. We challenge these discursive narratives and conclude by arguing that instead of consummation as the basis for genuine marriage, the Law Commission of Canada’s ‘close personal relationship’ model is a better way to assess the ‘genuineness’ of relationships for determining Canadian citizenship.     

离婚妇女贫困化的制度探讨

随着中国离婚率的提高,离婚女性人群也逐步扩大。许多妇女离婚后生活陷入困境,使离婚女性贫困化成为一个社会问题。虽然造成离婚妇女贫困化的原因是多元的,但现行《婚姻法》、《劳动法》、《妇女权益保障法》等法律在保护女性权益的制度设计上存在着诸多不足,而相应的社会保障制度也远未完善,这些都加剧了离婚妇女的贫困状况。只有修正现行法律保护离婚女性权益上的制度缺陷,才能最大限度地减缓和消除离婚女性的贫困化问题。     

中西平等思想发展比较分析

平等作为法的价值之一,无论在中国还是西方,在历史上都是呈多元演变的。从古希腊古罗马到中世纪、文艺复兴,西方的平等思想源于并始终体现了人们对人生意义、价值的认知和关怀。中国的平等思想虽也有深厚传统,但大都以平均主义为出发点并以经世致用为基本取向,其内涵与西方的平等观相去甚远。通过比较中西平等思想发展的历史,有助于厘清当代中国需要何种平等,进一步践行以人为本的和谐价值理念。     

代内剥削:农村光棍现象的一个分析框架——基于渝北S村长子打光棍的调查

本研究通过对渝北地区S村的实地调查,提出了代内剥削概念作为分析和探讨光棍产生的新工具,认为在低度代际责任的情况下,能否有机会外出获取婚姻机会,对于农村的未婚男子能否成婚非常重要。在兄弟多的家庭里,长子囿于长兄如父责任伦理限制没有机会外出务工获得经济资源和女性资源而沦为光棍。以往对光棍问题的研究主要集中在男女性别比严重失衡、经济困难、个人身心残缺等层面,但学者们都常忽视了兄弟之间对家庭有限资源和机会的争夺这一重要因素。     

从《琉璃宫史》看东吁王朝的王族婚姻

在封建社会,王族婚姻不仅具有一般的社会意义,还具有政治上的意义.本文通过梳理缅甸最权威史书<琉璃宫史>中所记载的东吁王朝王族婚姻状况,对当时的王族婚制、后妃身份、婚礼、婚姻观念等进行文化意义上的分析,由此揭示王室婚姻对政治和社会的影响.     

近代民事主体形成的条件与成因

近代民事主体理念超越了具体平等而实现于抽象平等。没有平等观念就没有抽象平等,没有抽象平等也就没有近代民事主体。“平等主体”从根本上反映了人在资本主义生产方式中的经济存在形式。近代民事主体理论形成的基础就是劳动力私人性的承认和契约工具的利用。契约是近代民事主体得以确立的工具。劳动力私人性的承认是近代民事主体得以确立的内在理论前提。民法中劳动力私人性的法律表现形态是随着劳动力价值的提升而展开的。保障劳动力私人性就是在维护民法的主体制度,其中,宪政的保障作用是基础性的、不可或缺的。     

Household dissolution, child care and divorce law

This paper sets up a model of household dissolution in which one party decides to leave a household that contains children. We study the effects of divorce law on this decision and, in particular, the role of legal provisions governing the post-dissolution care of the household’s children. In particular, we show that there is an inevitable tension between achieving efficiency in marriage and at the same time achieving efficiency in divorce.     

The European Union in Sudan: A Missed Opportunity?

Abstract

International organisations active in Africa are often criticised for their ineffectiveness. So too is the European Union (EU), which is also accused of failing to assume a more prominent conflict management role in war-torn countries. This article examines the EU’s capacity and readiness to take on such a role in one such country, the former Republic of Sudan, home to Africa’s longest-running civil wars and the first ‘genocide’ of the 21st century. It begins by outlining the EU’s record in Darfur and the North–South Peace Process. Drawing upon 25 interviews and Hill’s ‘capabilities–expectations model’, it then questions whether the EU’s ‘capabilities’ (resources, instruments, unity) were ‘fit for purpose’ in Sudan’s hostile target setting. It concludes by identifying settings that have been more propitious for a conflict-related management function and by suggesting that the EU should better manage expectations about future security roles.