中国(上海)自由贸易试验区内知识产权保护的价值抉择——以区内商标平行进口的司法应对为视角

中国(上海)自由贸易试验区内知识产权保护应秉持怎样的价值理念是法院在审理区中国内知识产权案件面临的首要问题。自贸区内"先行先试"的要求并不会改变法院管辖、程序法的普适性适用。知识产权实体法律、尤其是对侵权行为的实体评判尺度也应得到普适的适用。我们也不应为便利贸易的自由化而放松对知识产权的管理和保护。在维护区内外适法统一的前提下,我们应当以已经加入、待加入的多边或双边条约为目标,进一步优化知识产权保护的措施手段,在实体评判尺度上,可结合国内的政策需要谨慎做出统一的适法性安排。     

试论建立和完善行民平行诉讼制度

在我国司法实践中,经常出现民事争议与行政争议相互交叉重叠的案件,如何审理尚无明确具体的规定,各地法院的做法不统一,理论界对此争论不休。行政附带民事诉讼制度、民事附带行政诉讼制度、当事人诉讼制度和直接移送审查制度都有其局限性,惟建立和完善行民平行诉讼制度才能解决好此类案件。     

平行进口的法律性质分析

平行进口是否构成侵权已成为知识产权国际保护中的热点问题。文章研究了平行进口的理论基础 ,分析了TRIPS协议对平行进口的态度和西方主要国家在此问题上的立法与实践 ,探讨了我国现行法律制度和经济发展现状 ,并在此基础上提出我国对平行进口不应采取过于严厉的态度。     

基于高通量测序的多房棘球蚴感染小鼠肝组织中差异circRNA的生物信息学分析

分析多房棘球蚴感染小鼠肝组织中差异表达的环状RNA(circRNA),探究circRNA在宿主感染过程中可能参与的调控作用。采用高通量circRNA芯片技术比较感染组和对照组小鼠肝组织circRNA表达谱的差异,利用生物信息学对差异circRNA亲本基因进行GO和KEGG富集分析。结果显示,上调表达的circRNA有201个,下调表达的circRNA有9个,差异表达共计210个,经实时荧光定量PCR验证出其中4个上调和2个下调差异circRNA的表达水平变化趋势与芯片结果相一致。GO富集分析显示,在分子功能、生物过程及细胞组分均有富集;KEGG富集通路则有内吞作用、SNARE蛋白相关囊泡运动、矿物质吸收等与免疫相关的信号通路。结果提示,感染多房棘球蚴的小鼠肝组织与对照组小鼠肝组织比较,circRNA表达谱发生了显著性变化,这些差异表达的circRNA及其潜在的靶分子可能与多房棘球蚴感染宿主早期免疫反应有关。     

Customizing English Language Program for EFL Learners

This paper discusses the importance of having a customized instructional approach specifically for students who are learning English as a Foreign Language （EFL） in the foreign language setting. Most of the innovations introduced by the Education Ministry of Malaysia such as the Communicative Language Teaching （CLT） and phonics are suitable for ESL （English as a second language） learners, while the EFL learners are still left behind. A suitable teaching approach which customizes the needs of the students in EFL setting, especially in the state of Terengganu should be introduced. The main focus of the program exploits reading and writing skills in providing language input since these two skills are more dominant in terms of utility and functions among the EFL students as compared with the ESL students who are enable to exploit speaking and listening skills because of the natural setting. The research investigates the prospect of developing a suitable language teaching program based on 10 basic sentence patterns （10SP） which are exploited through the principles of transformational generative grammar and customized learning experiences focusing on reading as a bridge in acquiring other language skills such as writing, listening, and speaking.     

Illiberal democracy and violent conflict in contemporary Indonesia

When Indonesia's President Suharto was forced to resign in 1998, the accompanying uncertainty triggered serious communal violence in five regions. As the nation's politics and economy stabilized from 2002, so did those provinces. Identity-based conflict is now the rare exception rather than the rule in democratic Indonesia. Yet puzzlingly, despite the consolidation of democracy, ethnic clashes and mob violence against religious minorities continue to occur. While such events are now far smaller than those in the first years of democratization and occur only occasionally, their persistence requires analysis given the potential for escalation and what it tells us about Indonesia's reform process. In this article I compare recent incidents with that of the initial post-authoritarian era, and find that identity-based collective violence persists because many important causes of conflict have not been removed by democratic consolidation. As found by numerous scholars, many illiberal characteristics of the authoritarian state have segued neatly into democratic Indonesia. I assert that this has left several main causes of group violence firmly in place. I further contend that the failure to remove these phenomena partly has its origins in the order of democratic reforms chosen in the years after Suharto's resignation.     

Additional sequence characterization of NIST SRM 2391c: PCR-Based DNA Profiling Standard

The NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2391c: PCR-Based DNA Profiling Standard was designed for use in the standardization of forensic and paternity quality assurance procedures for fragment-based typing short tandem repeat (STR) alleles generated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Certified genotypes of the 6 components A–F were assigned for 24 autosomal and 17 Y-STR markers plus Amelogenin using concordance testing between commercial kits. Selected Sanger sequencing characterization was performed for the alleles of 11 STR markers when only one PCR primer set was available for fragment-based typing. The goal is to characterize the remaining 30 STR loci in components A–C by Sanger sequencing methods for the STR repeat regions and adjacent flanking regions. Additional characterization of the SRM is intended to support the emerging interest in next-generation sequencing technologies for forensic typing applications. Sanger methods have detected underlying polymorphisms (sequence, insertion-deletion, variation in complex motifs) typically not detected by fragment-based typing. The sequenced regions include the commercial or known PCR binding sites commonly implemented in fragment-based typing.     

Characterization of NIST standard reference materials by next generation sequencing

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) offers certified Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) for laboratories which perform DNA-based human identity testing. Developed by the Applied Genetics Group at NIST, forensic DNA SRMs are well characterized for relevant markers such as autosomal and Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (STRs) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence. Characterization of the SRMs has been performed by capillary gel electrophoresis fragment-based genotyping analysis and/or Sanger type sequencing. New technologies, commonly referred to as next generation sequencing (NGS), now offer an opportunity to validate the certified DNA-based reference materials using an orthogonal method and thereby increase the confidence in the certified values of the materials. The increased sensitivity of NGS will facilitate expansion of the information content of NIST SRMs through the characterization of new features which are beyond the ability of fragment-based analysis or Sanger sequencing to detect. This work will also lead to the availability of Certified Reference Materials for laboratories wishing to implement and validate NGS technology in the field of forensics.     

猪传染性胃肠炎病毒S基因的克隆及其结构特征

参照GenBank中登录的TGEVS基因序列设计了 3对特异引物 ,经RT PCR扩增获得了TS株S基因的SⅠ、SⅡ和SⅢ 3个片段 ,其大小分别约为 12 6 2、2 36 8和 12 6 6bp。SⅠ、SⅡ和SⅢ片段经剪接后 ,可知TS株的S基因全长为 4 347nt ,共编码 14 4 9个氨基酸。对TS株与其他毒株的S基因序列进行比较发现 ,TS株与Miller株、FS72 2 / 70株、TGEVH株、96 1933株、TFI株均在 112 4～112 9位有 5′ ATGATA 3′六个碱基 ,而在Purdue株、TH 98株、NEB72 RT株和PRCV HOL87株中缺失 ;TS株与Miller株、FS72 2 / 70株、TFI株、Purdue株、96 1933株、TGEVH株、TH 98株、NEB72 RT株和PRCV HOL87株的核苷酸序列同源性分别为 99.6 %、98.9%、98.0 %、98.3%、95 .7%、99.3%、97.7%、98.3%和 97.5 % ,推导氨基酸序列的同源性分别为 99.2 %、98.4 %、97.7%、97.8%、94 .8%、98.6 %、97.2 %、97.7%和 97.0 % ;TS株S蛋白的推导氨基酸序列较Purdue株、TH 98株和NEB72 RT株多出 2个潜在的糖基化位点 ,共 34个。与不同毒株比较后 ,推测在TGEV的S蛋白中第 71位的Asp(D)与呼吸道嗜性有关 ,第 2 19位的Ala(A)与肠道嗜性有关     

用PCR—测序法对人类线粒体DNA多态区的研究

用PCR方法，对线粒体DNA多态区15997至三6401区域进行扩增，产物DNA经纯化处理局直接进行自动化序列测定，得到了准确的序列结果。将得到的中国人mtDNA多态区序列与国外已报道的相应序列进行对比，证实我们所测序列与白种人相应序列之间存在碱基差异。