论平行进口中的知识产权问题

平行进口问题是近年来知识产权法学界讨论的热点问题。文章主要从法学的角度对平行进口的基本概念及其基本理论问题进行了深入细致的剖析,并提出了作者自己的相应观点。     

韩国盘索哩与中国鼓词比较论

韩国盘索哩与中国鼓词，最初都是由盲艺人负鼓在各村落之间流动说唱，因此二者除具备讲唱艺术的一般特性——即韵散结合说唱交错的表演方式、第三人称代言体、文学脚本的多重创作、道具的类似性之外，至少在三个方面具有亲缘性：其一，伴奏方式的相似及表演程式的类同。即以鼓为主要伴奏乐器，后期加入三弦、伽铘琴等弦乐伴奏；表演之前都有定场诗，且多使用夸张铺陈的夸赞体；其二，传承发展的相近。二者都经历了早期在乡村的长篇说唱到城市之后的摘唱，以及成熟之后与小说的影响和反影响；其三，承载思想的同一。二者产生的文化土壤都是儒家伦理体制内的庶民阶层，因此都具有乐天知命的性格；佛教带来的轮回报应思想，形成了二者共同的劝善惩恶主题。     

Association between copy number variations in the OCA2-HERC2 locus and human eye colour

Human eye colour variation is strongly associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the OCA2-HERC2 locus, especially rs12913832 that is found in an enhancer element of OCA2. In a previous study we found that 43 out of 166 individuals in a Norwegian population with the brown eye colour genotype HERC2 rs12913832:AA or AG, did not have the expected brown eye colour. To investigate if duplications or deletions in the OCA2-HERC2 locus could explain the blue eye colour in these individuals, we analysed massively parallel sequencing (MPS) data for copy number variations (CNVs) in the OCA2-HERC2 region. The ∼500 kb long OCA2-HERC2 locus was sequenced in 94 individuals with the rs12913832:AG and AA genotypes. Of these, 43 were observed to have blue eye colour and 51 were observed to have brown eye colour. CNVs were analysed using R and the R-package panelcn.MOPS - CNV detection tool for targeted NGS panel data. In rs12913832:AG individuals, CNVs in 32 regions were significantly associated with blue eye colour (Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted p-value ≤ 0.05). In rs12913832:AA individuals, CNVs in 14 regions were associated with blue eye colour using raw p-values (p ≤ 0.05). The functional effects of these CNVs on OCA2 expression are yet to be investigated. However, this study suggests that CNVs in the OCA2-HERC2 locus might explain why some of the rs12913832:AG and AA individuals have unexpectedly blue eyes.     

The Potential of High-throughput Metagenomic Sequencing of Aquatic Bacterial Communities to Estimate the Postmortem Submersion Interval

Human remains can be discovered in freshwater or marine ecosystems, circumstances where insects and other invertebrates have infrequently been used for understanding the time of postmortem submersion. In this study, the identification and succession of epinecrotic bacterial communities on vertebrate remains were described during decomposition in a temperate headwater stream during two seasons (summer and winter). Bacterial communities were characterized with 454 pyrosequencing and analyzed at phyletic and generic taxonomic resolutions. There was a significant increase in genera richness over decomposition during both seasons. Additionally, multivariate statistical modeling revealed significant differences in bacterial communities between seasons at both taxonomic resolutions and siginificant genera differences among sampling days within each season, suggesting a succession of these communities. These data are the first to describe aquatic bacterial succession using high-throughput metagenomic sequencing on vertebrate remains submerged in a freshwater habitat, and provide initial evidence for their potential use in forensic investigations.     

鸡白细胞介素-17基因的克隆和序列分析

根据GenBank中收录的鸡白细胞介素-17(ChIL-17)基因的cDNA序列设计了1对特异性引物,以经ConA刺激3h的鸡脾淋巴细胞总RNA为模板,用RT-PCR方法成功克隆了ChIL-17的cDNA。该cDNA全长725bp,其中第2~508位是该基因的阅读框(ORF),共编码169个氨基酸。与已报道的序列相比较,二者核苷酸序列的同源性为99.6%(722/725),共有3个碱基发生变异,其中有2个变异位于阅读框之内。DNAssit软件分析表明,二者推导的氨基酸序列同源性为100%。同时,以鸡脾淋巴细胞DNA为模板,用PCR方法首次扩增获得了ChIL-17的基因组DNA序列,经序列分析,其序列全长1934bp,由2个内含子和3个外显子组成,3个外显子分别位于第2~27、569~815和1484~1720bp处。     

浅析商标权领域的平行进口

本文通过揭示商标权领域平行进口产生的原因及问题,并在分析有关国际公约、欧盟以及美、日等国对此问题的态度和法律规定的基础上,提出并阐释了我国在商标权领域应根据国情及对外贸易的需要,以允许平行进口为原则,以禁止为例外的立法和应对策略。最后从法理上论证了国际贸易中商标商品平行进口的合理性及赋予其合法地位的必要性。     

基于二代测序平台的90个常染色体SNP分型研究

目的基于二代测序平台进行90个常染色体SNP位点分型,调查其在中国广东汉族人群中的多态性,评估其法医学应用价值。方法采集100例中国广东汉族无关个体外周血样,采用Auto Mate Express TM提取样本DNA,使用HID-Ion Ampli Seq?Identity Panel分型体系复合扩增90个SNP位点制备文库,Ion One Touch?2进行乳化PCR,Ion PGM?平台进行测序,Torrent_Suite_v4.4.2软件及HID_SNP_Genotyper_v4.3.1插件进行数据分析,计算常用法医学参数并与该群体Goldeneye TM 20A体系的检测效能进行比较。结果经Bonferroni法校正后,90个常染色体SNP位点分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡,不存在连锁不平衡现象。各位点平均杂合度(Ho)为0.423,平均个体识别力(DP)为0.560,平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.329。90个SNP体系的累积个体识别率(CDP)为(1-1.20×10~(-33)),大于20A体系;三联体累积非父排除率(CPE_(tri))为0.999 999 911,二联体累积非父排除率(CPE_(duo))为0.999 882,均小于20A。结论 90个常染色体SNP检测体系可独立应用于法医个体识别和三联体亲子鉴定,并辅助进行二联体亲子鉴定。     

运用二代测序技术拆分混合STR分型

目的探讨二代测序技术在混合STR分型拆分中的应用。方法对一例强制猥亵妇女案中受害人颈部的拭子和血样作DNA提取,以Precision ID GlobalFiler^TM NGS STR Panel v2试剂盒制备文库,经Ion S5测序仪测序,运用Torrent_Suite_v5.2.1软件进行数据分析后,将检测基因座的序列多态STR分型与长度多态STR分型进行比较。结果在D8S1179、D21S11、D2S441、D2S1338、D10S1248五个基因座发现存在序列特异的等位基因亚型,利用这些亚型对混合STR分型进行了成功拆分。结论二代测序技术提供的等位基因序列信息可对混合STR分型的拆分起到帮助作用。     

Predicting the postmortem interval using human intestinal microbiome data and random forest algorithm

Gradual changes in microbial communities in a human body after death can be used to determine postmortem interval (PMI). In this study, gut microflora samples were collected from the vermiform appendix and the transverse colon of human cadavers with PMIs between 5 and 192 h. The results revealed that the appendix might be an excellent intestinal sampling site and the appendix flora had an inferred succession rule during human body decomposition. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and their respective subclasses showed a predictable succession rule in relative abundance over time. A Random Forest regression model was developed to correlate human gut microbiota with PMI. We believe that our findings have increased the knowledge of the composition and abundance of the gut microbiota in human corpses, and suggest that the use of the human appendix microbial succession may be a potential method for forensic estimation of the time of death.     

Using FastID to analyze complex SNP mixtures from indoor dust

Forensically relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can provide valuable supplemental information to short tandem repeats (STRs) for investigative leads, and genotyping can now be streamlined using massively parallel sequencing (MPS). Dust is an attractive evidence source, as it accumulates on undisturbed surfaces, often is overlooked by perpetrators, and contains sufficient human DNA for analysis. To assess whether SNPs genotyped from indoor dust using MPS could be used to detect known household occupants, 13 households were recruited and provided buccal samples from each occupant and dust from five predefined indoor locations. Thermo Fisher Scientific Precision ID Identity and Ancestry Panels were utilized for SNP genotyping, and sequencing was completed using Illumina^® chemistry. FastID, a software developed to permit mixture analysis and identity searching, was used to assess whether known occupants could be detected from associated household dust samples. A modified “subtraction” method was also used in FastID to estimate the percentage of alleles in each dust sample contributed by known and unknown occupants. On average, 72% of autosomal SNPs were recovered from dust samples. When using FastID, (a) 93% of known occupants were detected in at least one indoor dust sample and could not be excluded as contributors to the mixture, and (b) non-contributor alleles were detected in 54% of dust samples (29 ± 11 alleles per dust sample). Overall, this study highlights the potential of analyzing human DNA present in indoor dust to detect known household occupants, which could be valuable for investigative leads.