茵栀黄口服液联合西药治疗妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症的疗效及母婴结局分析

目的 观察中西医结合疗法对妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症的疗效及母婴结局的影响。方法 将60例妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组30例。对照组给予熊去氧胆酸、腺苷蛋氨酸及还原型谷胱甘肽等西药常规治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用茵栀黄口服液。分别检测两组患者血清总胆汁酸（total bile acid,TBA）、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（alanine aminotransferase,ALT）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（aspartate aminotransferase,AST）、总胆红素（total bilirubin,TBIL）水平,对两组患者瘙痒症状进行评分,观察其临床疗效,并对母婴结局进行分析。结果 治疗后两组患者血清TBA、ALT、AST及TBIL水平均明显下降,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;且两组患者治疗前后TBIL差值比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后两组患者瘙痒症状评分均明显减少（P<0.05）,且观察组瘙痒症状疗效优于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组可明显延长胎儿孕周,且产后24 h出血量、发生早产率及转入新生儿病房率明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 中西医结合方法治疗妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症具有较好的临床疗效,可明显降低围产期母婴风险。     

Birth spacing as a family strategy: evidence from 19th century Leuven,Belgium

This article investigates the hypothesis that 19th-century working class families in Leuven, Belgium, were controlling their fertility by means of birth spacing for household economic reasons. Detailed life-course data were collected in order to construct, on one hand, a set of covariates that represent the influences of natural fertility on birth intervals and, on the other, a number of family variables that represent the hypothetical, household economic motivation to space births. The findings strongly suggest that birth intervals were not merely a function of natural fertility differences and that family strategic spacing behavior also played a role.     

Public health measures against neonatal tetanus on the island of Vestmannaeyjar (Iceland) during the 19th century

The article presents a study of neonatal tetanus on the tiny island of Vestmannaeyjar (Iceland) during the 18th and 19th centuries. At an early date, Vestmannaeyjar was known for its high levels of mortality from neonatal tetanus. This appalling mortality is analysed, inter alia, on the basis of parish registers at the individual family level. During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, more than three out of four newborns on the island died during the first 2weeks of life. At the beginning of the 19th century, Icelandic and Danish authorities had already showed great interest in improving infant survival on Vestmannaeyjar. In 1827 a physician was appointed to the island and by the late 1840s the disease was successfully fought on the island. The achievement on Vestmannaeyjar is a good example of how the sanitary movement was able to bring about important improvements in infant survival long before the breakthrough of the bacteriological revolution.     

Is breast best? Evaluating breastfeeding patterns and causes of infant death in a Dutch province in the period 1875–1900

In the Dutch province of Noord-Brabant, infants experienced extremely high mortality risks towards the final decades of the nineteenth century. It has been stated that infant survival in the past highly depended upon the fact whether a child was breastfed or not. In this article we will reflect on this perceived importance of infant diet in order to explain the high mortality risks of Brabant infants in the period 1875–1900. Using local aggregated cause of death data, a change in breastfeeding practices can indeed be detected. Between 1875/79 and 1895/99 there was an increase in the relative and absolute number of infants deaths as a result of diarrhoea and other digestive disorders indicating deficient hygiene and that fewer infants were breastfed frequently. By discussing differences between urban and rural settings, and between Catholic and Protestant regions, we will shed more light on possible mechanisms for this change in breastfeeding practices.     

An assessment of risk factors for early death among a sample of previously incarcerated youth

Most previous research regarding early death prior to, or during, young adulthood among previously detained delinquent youth has focused predominantly on males or on their cause of death. This study extends previous research by evaluating potential factors that are associated with early death in a random sample (N?=?999) of formerly detained youthful offenders in New York stratified by gender (50% female). Existing case records were referenced with the National Death Index to determine if the formerly detained youth were deceased by the time they would have reached age 28. Regression analyses were run to determine if any of 16 sociodemographic, offense history, weapons/gang involvement, mental health, substance use, child maltreatment, child welfare, or family environmental risk factors measured in their childhood or adolescence were associated with early death. Two additional regression analyses were run to determine if those risk factors differentially impacted early death for males vs. females. Of the variables measured, however, only gender was significantly related to early death – compared to females, males were 2.3 times more likely to have prematurely died. Additionally, in the model run separately for females, being an African-American female was protective against early death. These findings are compared to findings from the existing literature.     

The (IM)Morality of international governmental organizations

In this article, the authors apply standard population statistics to assess the durability of conventional international governmental organizations (IGOs) in the international system for the years 1865–1989. Following a brief discussion of IGOs and why institutions tend to persist (with examples from the literature on international relations, the U.S. bureaucracy, and international business), the authors examine infant mortality, average age at death, median age, the birth rate, and the death rate for conventional IGOs. The authors find that all of these measures vary considerably over time. The authors conclude that both neorealist and institutionalist expectations about the durability of international cooperation are realized in different eras, suggesting that both approaches are time‐bound and misspecify fundamental theoretical issues.     

Methyl alcohol poisoning in Trabzon (Turkey)

The aim of this retrospective study was to examine methyl alcohol intoxications in Trabzon (Turkey) and to determine any relations between the laboratory results and histopathologic changes. A total of 4492 forensic autopsies were performed from 1998 to 2008. Thirteen of the cases (0.3%) were because of methanol poisoning, and all were men. Their ages ranged from 25 to 62 years. The blood methanol concentrations ranged widely, from 15 to 482 mg/dL. In six cases, poisoning was because of consumption of the alcoholic beverage "Raki," while in five cases, poisoning was because of the ingestion of cologne. The products consumed were unknown in the other two cases because of insufficient history and data records. Mortality because of methanol poisoning may be prevented/decreased with the implementation of some precautions, such as public education regarding the harms of methyl alcohol, routine monitoring of the vendors that sell alcoholic beverages and cologne, and appropriate legal retribution for the illegal production of methanol.     

理想的幻灭：民国初年政党政治的夭折与反思

民初的政党活动史成为中国政党政治的肇始,是中国从传统君主集权体制向近现代民主政治的转型阶段,也是中国政治现代化进程的重要拐点。以现代分析维度对其予以科学、理性的探讨,是对我国现代政治文明进程应有的历史性评判。民初政党政治的实践虽以失败告终,但作为近代中国政治发展史上的重要路标,不仅是辛亥革命后中国民主思潮继续发展的产物,更成为反对封建专制统治的重要成果,而其夭折的根本动因则在于中国数千年的社会政治经济结构。     

The maternal inheritance of the Ashaninka native group from Peru

The Amazonia rainforest, in South America, harbours native populations with high ethnic diversity. The evaluation of the genetic composition of these populations represents a challenge, and only few studies are available describing its native groups. In this work, the maternal inheritance of 170 Ashaninka individuals living in the Amazonia region of Pasco department, Peru, was evaluated by mtDNA control region sequencing. As previously observed for other native groups from Amazonia, low haplotype diversity was obtained, and only Native American haplogroups were found. Strong founder effects were observed, especially for sub haplogroups A2aa, B2b+152, C1b and D1. During the European colonial period, the Ashaninka population seems to have remained relatively isolated, which can be explained by its remote location in the tropical forest. A comparison with other native South American populations from different linguistic families showed a lack of geographic or linguistic affiliations, highlighting the importance of having specific mtDNA database for the native groups in South America.     

Teens and Spice: A Review of Adolescent Fatalities Associated with Synthetic Cannabinoid Use

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are commonly abused by adolescents with reported past year (2013) use in high school students between 3 and 10%. Standard adolescent postmortem toxicology does not include routine SC analysis, and thus, the true burden of fatalities related to SCs is unknown. A retrospective case review of two cases included scene investigation, interviews, autopsy, and toxicology. SCs were confirmed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC?MS/MS). Review of the eight adolescent SC‐associated fatalities in the literature revealed five of eight cases had no other discernible cause of death on autopsy. Compounds detected included PB‐22 (1.1 ng/mL), JWH‐210 (12 ng/mL), XLR‐11 (1.3 ng/mL), JWH‐122, AB‐CHMINACA (8.2 ng/mL), UR‐144 (12.3 ng/mL), and JWH‐022 (3 ng/mL). With synthetic drug use on the rise, forensic experts should have a high index of suspicion for the possibility of SC intoxication in adolescent fatalities with no other discernible cause of death.