Characterizing the Performance of Pipe Bombs

Pipe bombs of steel or PVC fragment in reproducible patterns when similarly configured. The power of the explosion correlates with number, mass, and size of the fragments recovered, where a large number of small, low‐mass fragments indicate a high‐power event and vice versa. In discussing performance, describing pipe fragmentation pattern by fragment weight distribution mapping (FWDM) or fragment surface area distribution mapping (FSADM) was useful. When fillers detonated, detonation velocities of ~4.4 mm/μs were measured. In such cases, side walls of the pipe were thrown first; the average fragment velocity was ~1000 km/s. In deflagrations, the end cap was first thrown; fragment velocities were only ~240 km/s. Blast overpressures varied; at 10 feet, 2 × 12 inch steel pipes containing ~550 g of detonable mixture produced overpressures of 5–6 psi; similar nondetonating pipes produced less than 2 psi. Maximum fragment throw distances were 250–300 m, with an average of ~100 m.     

概念营销的操作模式分析

在市场经济条件下,商品竞争日趋激烈,企业要想扩大品牌的知名度和市场份额,就要紧紧抓住消费者对产品的注意力,从而培养消费者对产品的忠诚度,概念营销就是实施此目标的有效营销手段。     

利多卡因在蛛网膜下腔和静脉注射致死犬体内的死后分布

目的比较利多卡因在蛛网膜下腔和静脉注射致死犬体内的死后分布特点。方法犬12只,其中6只经蛛网膜下腔,另6只经股静脉匀速注入利多卡因(5×15mg/kg)致死,迅速解剖动物,取大脑、侧脑室脑脊液、腰段脊髓腔脑脊液、不同脊髓节段(颈髓、胸髓、腰髓、骶髓),心、肺、肝、脾、肾、胆汁、尿、心血、周围血、注射部位肌肉和注射部位20 cm以外肌肉等脏器组织和体液,用气质联用法定性,气相色谱法定量检测其中利多卡因含量。结果蛛网膜下腔注射致死犬体内利多卡因的含量由高到低顺序依次为腰段脊髓腔脑脊液、骶段脊髓、胸段脊髓、侧脑室脑脊液、腰段脊髓、颈段脊髓、肺、肾、注射部位肌肉、心、大脑、脾、心血、肝、周围血、胆汁、注射部位20 cm以外的肌肉、尿;静脉注射致死犬体内利多卡因的含量由高到低顺序依次为肾、心、肺、脾、大脑、肝、周围血、胆汁、心血、颈段脊髓、胸段脑脊液、注射部位肌肉、腰段脊髓、注射部位20 cm以外的肌肉、侧脑室脑脊液、尿、腰段脊髓腔脑脊液、骶段脊髓。结论蛛网膜下腔注射致死犬背侧脊髓液中利多卡因含量最高,静脉注射致死犬肾脏利多卡因含量最高,此分布特征可为利多卡因麻醉意外法医学鉴定中入体途径的判定提供参考。     

享有优先权的船员工资请求在船舶拍卖款中的受偿——由一起确权诉讼案件引发的几点思考

基于一起确权诉讼案件,分析船舶优先权的范畴,指出在船舶挂靠经营下,船员工资请求的基础法律关系是雇佣合同,但挂靠的个人和被挂靠的公司对船员工资承担连带责任,该工资请求仍享有船舶优先权;未持有相应证书而上船工作的人,其享有的报酬请求权与船员工资无异,应赋予其船舶优先权;当船舶拍卖款不足以偿付债务时,容易诱发以船员工资为内容的虚假确权诉讼,司法机关应发挥主观能动性,一方面保障处于弱势地位的船员利益,另一方面也要排除虚假诉讼的干扰,保护其他债权人的正当利益。     

对我国现阶段收入分配制度的评析与思考

收入分配制度改革是我国经济体制改革中引人注目的焦点之一。随着我国从计划经济体制向市经济体制的变迁，我国收入分配制度经历了平均主义的分配制度，按劳分配制度。按劳分配为主体、其他分配式为补充的分配制度，按生产要素分配的分配制度等几个阶段。胡锦涛主席关于建立和谐社会重要思想的出，收入分配制度改革的问题再次成为大家关注的热点话题。在此背景下，本文研究了当前我国收入分配制中存在的问题，这些问题产生的原因，提出了关于解决我国收入分配问题的建议。     

The historical variability of the age-crime relationship

Methodological problems arising in fitting nonlinear regressions to a dataset are identified in context of research on the age-crime relationship. A modified chisquare distribution is fit to the age distribution of the seven Index crimes for the years 1952, 1957, 1962, 1967, 1972, 1977, 1982, and 1988 to assess the historical invariance of the distribution. Problematic features of Britt's (J. Quant. Criminol. 8, 175–187, 1992) analysis of the same data are highlighted.Britt states no rationale for the choice of these two functions, but his statement that his findings provide support for Greenberg's (1991) use of the Poisson gamma density to model individual offending patterns and questions Rowe and co-workers' (1990) use of the lognormal density as an appropriate model of individual violent offending suggests that this earlier work motivated his choice. Actually, this earlier work is not relevant to Britt's project. Greenberg (1991) and Roweet al. (1990) were concerned with the distribution of criminal propensities across individuals of a given age, not with the distribution of prevalence or participation rates across the ages, and changes therein over time.     

The middle class in the Czech reforms: the interplay between policies and social stratification

Following the assumption that the middle class is important in the transition from communism to a democratic market society as its leading actor and guarantor of social integration, this paper presents evidence of the benefits it has gained from economic and social reforms. As these have turned out to be rather modest, it is likely that the middle class will be more reserved in its political support for a rigorous transformation. Special attention is given to the distribution and redistribution of income in which the middle seems to have been neglected, in comparison to the lowest and upper strata which have become better off. Evidence based on official statistics is complemented by a survey of attitudes which document both the still strong endorsement of the middle class with regard to the implemented changes and a certain split between the ‘old’ and ‘new’ component of this important social category.     

从物质到社会:经济学研究对象的三阶段演变及其内在逻辑

The main purpose of economic research is to improve national and social welfare. It contains not only material welfare, but also social benefits. Also, the welfare connotation changed at different times in history. Those changes lead to the evolution of economics. In fact, although modern mainstream economics still concentrate the subject of study on placement of scarce resources, the focus of research in economics will not be the issue of wealth distribution. The subject of economic study has experienced three significant changes. The first one, holding by Classical Economics is the focus on material welfare creation. The second one, highly emphasized by Neoclassical Economics, is the notion that includes distribution of resources and money exchange. The last one, promoted by modern mainstream economics after the 1970s, broadens the research content greatly due to referring to extensive social utility.     

A fresh start II: Issues and challenges of education law in South Africa

In this second part of a two-part article some issues and challenges of education law in South Africa are discussed. With reference to recent case law it is shown that an educational jurisprudence is developing, after which the issues of academic freedom and the autonomy of universities are analysed within the framework of the Constitution and other legislation affecting universities. The constitutional distribution of powers between the national and provincial governments, and the effect on education of the fact that both spheres of government have legislative powers over education, are discussed at some length. The view is taken that outstanding issues in this regard may have to be clarified by the intervention of the courts. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

少数民族旅游地的旅游利益分配问题初探——以广西民族旅游地为例

少数民族地区旅游业的发展离不开当地居民的参与,因此在旅游开发中必须处理好旅游利益的分配问题。然而目前在少数民族地区旅游开发中普遍存在着利益分配不公的问题,当地居民的利益分配权被长期忽视。为建立公平合理的利益分配模式,必须充分发挥政府的职能作用,加强旅游开发中民族传统文化保护的法制建设,营造民族传统文化的保护氛围,提高传承人的津贴,鼓励成立传统文化保护的民间社团,在旅游开发中逐步提高当地居民的可分配利益。