农民社会流动与苏南社会政策选择——以昆山为例

江苏省昆山市对农民在社会流动中出现的二难问题进行认真反思,冲破传统制度文化束缚,打破心理区隔,树立平等观念,做到对农民工三个重新定位,并在政策上做到农民工与本地市民三个同步,从而推动了城市化健康发展,促进了和谐社会的构建。     

家庭背景、文化资本与教育获得——上海城镇居民调查

文化资本是家庭背景影响子女教育获得的中介变量。对上海城镇居民的经验研究发现:在子女初中以上教育获得中,家庭背景和文化资本的影响同时存在;低教育背景家庭借助文化活动参与实现了文化流动,高教育背景家庭通过家庭文化氛围实现了文化再生产;那些低收入家庭通过文化活动参与和家庭文化氛围实现着向上流动。     

Silent partners: archaeological insights on mobility,interaction and civilization in Central Asia’s past

ABSTRACT

Civilizations are as complex as the human relationships that engendered them, and outlining these relational qualities within open notions of mobility and interaction frames a reconceptualization of Central Asia’s past. Recent Eurasian archaeological research deconstructs deterministic political-economic or hierarchical typologies of civilization and the overly simplified narrative that roots it in urban centres perpetually juxtaposed with nomadic groups. Archaeological evidence from the Oxus Civilization, Central Asia’s earliest complex polity (ca. 2500–1400 BCE), reveals the deep roots of sedentary–mobile interactions. I argue that Oxus–steppe relationships helped maintain the long-term structural cohesion of the Oxus Civilization as a multicultural entity, with implications for subsequent Central Asian polities. As we begin to balance the lopsided conversations about the social formations of Central Asia’s past and present, the silent partnership that characterized the Oxus Civilization is given a voice that forces us to reconsider who, exactly, belongs inside our notions of civilization.     

Encouraging Residential Moves to Opportunity Neighborhoods: An Experiment Testing Incentives Offered to Housing Voucher Recipients

Substantial benefits can accrue from living in low-poverty neighborhoods, yet approximately 80% of the 2.2 million Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) recipients rent homes in moderate- or high-poverty census tracts. The Chicago Regional Housing Choice Initiative tested several ways to promote opportunity moves. It included the first experiment that tests whether two types of light-touch incentives induce opportunity moves for HCV recipients who had requested a moving voucher. Based on the 2,005 HCV recipients in the study, we found that neither the offer of a $500 grant nor the offer of a $500 grant coupled with free mobility counseling induced opportunity moves. The receipt of mobility counseling also did not boost opportunity moves. Regardless of the type of offer, 11%–12% of participants moved to opportunity neighborhoods. Despite requesting a moving voucher, half of the study participants remained in place, indicating significant barriers to moving. We offer potential reasons for the results and conclude with two recommended pilots to increase opportunity moves.     

Reforming Relocation Law: An Evidence‐Based Approach

In recent years, there has been much discussion within international fora about the need for a greater consensus on how to approach relocation cases. Empirical research on the lived experience of parents and children who have been through relocation disputes has an important role to play in providing an evidence base for decisions on policy. In this article, we summarize the findings of a 5‐year prospective longitudinal study of relocation disputes in Australia and make recommendations in the light of this and other research evidence concerning a new approach to relocation law. We argue that there should be no presumptions. Nonetheless there is an appropriate place for legislative or appellate guidance on how to approach these disputes. “Good faith” should be irrelevant to decision making, and children should not be placed in the center of the conflict. The adjudication of relocation disputes should be on the basis of asking three questions: First, how close is the relationship between the nonresident parent and the child and how important is that relationship developmentally to the child? Second, if the relocation is to be permitted, how viable are the proposals for contact with the nonresident parent? Third, if the relationship between the child and the nonresident parent is developmentally important to the child and is likely to be diminished if the move is allowed, then (a) what are the viable alternatives to the parents living a long distance apart? and (b) is a move with the primary caregiver the least detrimental alternative?

Key Points for the Family Court Community
• Describes the findings of empirical research on relocation disputes in Australia on the lived experience of children and families postrelocation disputes.
• Reviews various features of relocation law and proposals for reform in the light of this research evidence.
• Proposes an approach to deciding relocation cases based upon three essential questions.

     

“… And a suitable living environment”: The failure of housing programs to deliver on neighborhood quality

Abstract

This article evaluates the relative performance of housing programs in terms of neighborhood quality. We profile neighborhood characteristics surrounding assisted housing units and assess the direction of assisted housing policy in light of this information. The analysis relies on a housing census database we developed that identifies the type and census tract location of assisted housing units—that is, public housing, developments assisted under the Department of Housing and Urban Development, the Section 515 Rural Rental Housing Direct Loan Program, the low‐income housing tax credit, certificates and vouchers, and state rental assistance programs.

We conclude that project‐based assistance programs do little to improve the quality of recipients’ neighborhoods relative to those of welfare households and, in the case of public housing, appear to make things significantly worse. The certificate and voucher programs, however, appear to reduce the probability that families will live in the most economically and socially distressed areas.     

低频电刺激联合针刺治疗神经重症昏迷合并吞咽障碍临床观察

目的 观察低频电刺激联合针刺疗法治疗神经重症昏迷合并吞咽障碍的疗效。方法 选取神经重症昏迷合并吞咽障碍患者63例,按照随机数字表法分为对照组、低频组、联合组,每组21例。3组患者均给予常规吞咽训练,低频组在常规吞咽训练基础上给予低频电刺激治疗,联合组在低频组疗法基础上予以针刺治疗。观察3组临床疗效,采用标准吞咽功能评价量表（standardized swallowing assessment,SSA）、洼田饮水试验、吞咽障碍程度分级、吞咽时间参数［口腔运送时间(oral transit time,OTT)和舌骨运动时间（hyoid movement time,HMT）］和舌骨喉复合体活动度评价吞咽功能。结果 联合组患者临床疗效显著优于对照组（P＜0.05）,但与低频组比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。与治疗前比较,治疗后3组患者SSA评分、洼田饮水试验评分、OTT、HMT均显著降低（P＜0.05）,吞咽障碍程度、舌骨移动幅度、甲状软骨移动幅度均显著增加（P＜0.05）;联合组患者SSA评分、洼田饮水试验评分、OTT、HMT降低程度和吞咽障碍程度评分、舌骨移动幅度、甲状软骨移动幅度增加程度均显著大于对照组、低频组（P＜0.05）。结论 在常规吞咽训练和低频电刺激治疗的基础上联合应用针刺疗法,可有效改善神经重症昏迷合并吞咽障碍患者的吞咽功能,改善舌部肌肉运动,缩短吞咽时间,提高舌骨喉复合体活动度。     

苏东社会结构转型的社会学分析:阶级与阶层的视野

本文通过对苏联东欧社会变迁的实证分析,从社会结构分层的视角探索苏东社会转型的原因及过程.首先,高度工业化与城市化所导致的城乡社会结构的改变,是苏联东欧社会转型的根本原因,这是它与东亚、拉美等国或地区的社会转型具有深层关联性的一面.而农民迁移到城市的结构性流动所产生的复杂流动机制和分层机制,对苏东社会转型带来了直接的影响和冲击.苏东社会的中间阶层,其价值观、社会功能和政治态度对激进的制度转型具有不可低估的作用.其次,先是深层次的社会结构发生转变,即由农民向城市工人的阶级分层发生变化,然后才是表层的社会结构发生转变,即在市场化背景下,苏东社会的阶层分层因利益多元化而发生分化.苏东社会结构转型的具体过程明显地分为这两个阶段.     

试论新生代农民工阶层的社会流动问题

农民工阶层的产生是其户籍身份与职业身份相糅合的产物,新生代农民工随着代际传递沿袭其父辈的身份出现。在中国城镇化浪潮的趋势下,从教育程度、职业与收入、户籍变动方面,表现出其在竞争的马太效应下呈现的阶层流动固化的倾向。职业结构、教育程度水平相对较低,农民工生产体制的存在是其中的主要因素。从加强职业教育增强后致性因素力量、完善基本社会保障、改革户籍制度等方面入手,可保证庞大的新生代农民工群体在城镇化过程中有序流动。     

Conspicuous Destruction,Aspiration and Motion in the South African Township

The paper limns modes of consumption and wastefulness in recent South African fiction about the township. It draws upon moves of aspiration and carelessness articulated in the youth practice I’khothane to think through the ways in which conspicuous destruction around car-use maps onto township socialities. Accordingly, it compares Sifiso Mzobe’s Young Blood and David Dinwoodie-Irving’s African Cookboy as texts utilizing scenes of consumption and destruction with a variety of effects. While commodity ownership and disposal enunciate identities that can unsettle the status quo, the article argues that aspiration alone cannot provide resources with which to shift structural inequalities persisting in South African cities.