基于N400的事件相关电位在测谎中的应用

N400是事件相关电位中反映语言加工的成分。目前对N400应用于测谎的研究几乎都是在实验室的条件下进行的,尚未应用于司法实践。随着事件相关电位应用于测谎研究的深入,N400将可能作为其中的重要指标之一。就目前的研究结果来看,欺骗比诚实的N400更为负向。欺骗与诚实之间在潜伏期头皮电位分布上没有检验出显著差异。     

Richtlinienkonforme Auslegung und unmittelbare Wirkung von EG-Richtlinien in der Rechtsprechung der österreichischen Höchstgerichte

Die unmittelbare Wirkung von EG-Richtlinien sowie die Auslegung nationalen Rechts in ihrem Licht sind Instrumente zur Herstellung von Gemeinschaftsrechtskonformit?t, die in der Rechtsprechung der ?sterreichischen H?chstgerichte sehr h?ufig zur Anwendung kommen. Der vorliegende Beitrag soll einerseits den, mancherorts immer noch bestrittenen, "Vorrang" der richtlinienkonformen Auslegung argumentativ untermauern sowie zur Kl?rung offener Fragen zu Zul?ssigkeit und Durchführung richtlinienkonformer Rechtsfortbildung beitragen. Weiters soll gezeigt werden, dass die H?chstgerichte sowohl in der methodisch notwendigen Abgrenzung der beiden Instrumente als auch der konkreten Anwendung richtlinienkonformer Auslegung nicht sehr einheitlich und nur wenig transparent urteilen.     

DNA甲基化检测方法及其法医学应用研究进展

DNA甲基化是表观遗传标记的重要组成部分,参与基因表达的调控,在生物发育、衰老以及肿瘤学等领域受到广泛关注。由于具有相对稳定性、可遗传、含量丰富、随龄变化等特点,在法医学领域,DNA甲基化可以作为DNA序列相关经典遗传标记的有效补充,用于年龄推断、组织体液来源检测、同卵双生子的鉴定等。DNA甲基化的检测方法主要有基于甲基化敏感限制性内切酶、重亚硫酸盐转化以及甲基化CpG结合蛋白等原理而建立的一系列方法,近年研究表明,第三代测序技术也可用于DNA甲基化检测。本文就DNA甲基化检测方法及在法医学领域的应用研究进行回顾与综述,以期为法医学实践提供参考。     

缺氧相关microRNA在窒息死亡原因推断中的意义

在缺氧条件下microRNA(miRNA)能与转录因子等相互作用,调节细胞代谢,血管再生,血细胞生成,细胞增殖、分化及凋亡等生理过程,这些过程可能在窒息导致的死亡中发挥重要作用。本文拟对缺氧条件下miRNA的调节功能及缺氧对miRNA生物合成的影响进行综述,以期为miRNA在法医学窒息死亡原因推断中的研究提供新思路。     

A型H1N1及H3N2亚型流感病毒实时荧光RT-PCR检测方法的建立

根据A型H1N1亚型流感病毒2009年北美变异株和H3N2亚型流行株的基因序列,设计了3套特异性引物、TaqMan探针,分别用不同的荧光基团标记,以构建的A型流感病毒及H1N1和H3N2亚型流感病毒基因重组质粒作为阳性对照,经反应条件优化,特异性、敏感性和重复性试验,筛选出3套不同的反应体系及同一个反应参数,建立了可同时检测A型流感病毒、H1N1和H3N2亚型流感病毒的实时荧光RT-PCR方法。结果表明,该方法可特异地检测H1N1(人源、猪源)、H3N2(猪源),禽流感病毒H5、H9等A型流感病毒,且与新城疫病毒、减蛋综合征病毒等其他病毒不发生交叉反应,具有特异、敏感、重复性好、快速、费用低廉等优点,试验耗时仅3h。表明,建立的方法,一次试验即可完成A型流感病毒的初筛和H1N1、H3N2亚型流感病毒的初步确认定型。     

Isolation and Identification of Three By‐products Found in Methylamphetamine Synthesized by the Emde Route

This article describes the isolation and structural elucidation of three compounds produced during the synthesis of methylamphetamine by the so‐called “Emde” procedure. The “Emde” procedure involves the preparation of the intermediate chloropseudoephedrine or chloroephedrine from ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, respectively. The intermediates are then reduced to methylamphetamine with hydrogen under pressure in the presence of a catalyst. The by‐product compounds were isolated from methylamphetamine by column chromatography and liquid chromatography (LC). Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹³C NMR), and nanospray quadrupole‐time of flight‐mass spectrometry (Q‐TOF‐MS) were used to identify them as two stereoisomers of the compound N, N′‐dimethyl‐3,4‐diphenylhexane‐2,5‐diamine and N‐methyl‐1‐{4‐[2‐(methylamino)propyl]phenyl}‐1‐phenylpropan‐2‐amine.     

On‐Bill Financing Programs to Support Low‐Carbon Energy Technologies: An Agent‐Oriented Assessment

On‐bill financing (OBF) schemes have been welcomed as innovative mechanisms for encouraging the adoption of low‐carbon energy technologies. Yet while the potential effects of these schemes have received growing attention, less is known about their actual performance. Departing from New Institutional Economics and insights from Behavioral Economics, this theory‐driven assessment examines the How$mart^® program in Kansas (United States) and the Green Deal in the United Kingdom. The study identifies the mechanisms designed to trigger behavioral change and technology adoption. We focus on market agents, and related market failures and behavioral anomalies that often prevent energy efficiency improvements. The paper adds to our theoretical and empirical understanding of public and utility‐driven OBF programs applied to the residential sector. Our findings suggest that simple, carefully designed on‐bill programs, where the financing of efficient technologies takes the form of a service rather than a loan, are more effective for the diffusion of low‐carbon energy technology and the reduction of transaction costs. At the same time, on bill‐financing schemes challenge the core business of utilities, and given the complexities and dynamics of energy efficiency markets and energy use, other policy interventions are needed.     

Agenda‐Setting at the Energy‐Water Nexus: Constructing and Maintaining a Policy Monopoly in U.S. Hydraulic Fracturing Regulation

Despite calls to increase federal oversight of hydraulic fracturing (HF), the U.S. Congress has maintained a regulatory system in which environmental regulatory authority is devolved to the states. We argue that this system is characterized by a long‐standing “policy monopoly”: a form of stability in policy agenda‐setting in which a specific manner of framing and regulating a policy issue becomes hegemonic. Integrating theories on agenda‐setting and environmental discourse analysis, we develop a nuanced conceptualization of policy monopoly that emphasizes the significance of regulatory history, public perceptions, industry–government relations, and environmental “storylines.” We evaluate how a policy monopoly in U.S. HF regulation has been constructed and maintained through a historical analysis of oil and gas regulation and a discourse analysis of eleven select congressional energy committee hearings. This research extends scholarship on agenda‐setting by better illuminating the importance of political economic and geographic factors shaping regulatory agendas and outcomes.     

The Role of Scientific Excellence in the Changing Meaning of Maize in Mexico

Making policy is giving a meaning to objects. This perspective on policy making gained importance in the 1990s with the emergence of discursive approaches. In this article, we use the concepts of Hajer's discourse coalition approach to shed light on the evolving meaning of maize in Mexican society. Specifically, we trace a parallel between the evolution of biotechnology policy and discourses on maize over a 25‐year period. The article argues that until recently, the protection against biotechnological manipulations enjoyed by maize has been bolstered by a discourse granting the plant a special status in the country's history. However, the emergence of a new discourse grounded on the practice of scientific excellence is now challenging the old perspectives, and also finding support among government officials. As a result, the Mexican policies granting maize special protection is changing, and this policy change will likely trigger changes in the symbolic meaning of maize.     

Inside Lobbying on the Regulation of New Plant Breeding Techniques in the European Union: Determinants of Venue Choices

In July 2018, the Court of Justice of the European Union decided that new plant breeding techniques (NPBTs) fall within the scope of the restrictive provisions on genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Previously, various actors had lobbied in order to influence the European Union’s (EU’s) regulatory decision on NPBTs. This study examines the venue choices taken by Cibus, a biotech company that promoted NPBT deregulation. It shows that the firm bypassed the EU level and that it lobbied competent authorities (CAs) in certain member states to gain support for the deregulation of NPBTs. Cibus chose the CAs because their institutional “closedness” reduced the risk of the debate over the deregulation of NPBTs becoming public. However, the CA’s specific competences and their influence on EU decision making were of likewise importance. The firm lobbied CAs based in Finland, Germany, Ireland, Sweden, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Two factors appear to have influenced Cibus’ choices for these countries: high‐level political support for agribiotech and the high relevance of biotech sectors. In contrast, public support for GMOs turned out to have hardly any influence, and virtually no association could be observed for the agricultural application of biotechnology in the past nor for the weakness of domestic anti‐GMO lobby groups. Finally, the in‐depth study on Germany affirms that “closedness” was important for Cibus’ choices and reveals that technical information served as a venue‐internal factor that influenced the firm’s choices.