禽流感二价抗原油乳剂灭活疫苗的研制

以禽流感病毒(AIV)H5N4株、H7N3株为抗原研制了H5N4-H7N3二价油乳剂灭活疫苗,并对其物理性状、安全性、免疫效力、保存期及抗体消长规律进行了检测.结果表明,试验鸡疫苗在免疫后3周到9个月内对AIV-H5N4的攻击均获全部保护.疫苗4℃保存15个月,其免疫效力没有下降.     

A Multiple Streams Analysis of Institutional Innovation in Forest Watershed Governance

Increasingly severe wildfires have focused attention on forested watershed vulnerabilities, causing significant changes to policies and governance. We utilized the Multiple Streams Approach (MSA) to understand institutional innovations of federal agency–large water provider partnerships in Colorado to protect watersheds through joint planning and funding. Ambiguous problem definition and focusing events were significant aspects of these partnerships. We interviewed individuals in the partnerships, with MSA ideas of how solutions to policy problems develop, and the role of policy entrepreneurs. We found that wildfires served as focusing events, creating space and time for learning, collaboration and new problem framing, increased political attention, and institutional innovation. In this study, windows of opportunity stayed open longer, policy entrepreneurs and agencies played larger roles in communication and coupling streams and the context of fast‐moving, unpredictable ecological crises changed responses to issues. Our findings also have implications for broader policy studies and environmental governance scholarship.     

猪传染性胃肠炎病毒重组N蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

以纯化的猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)重组N蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,取免疫小鼠的脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞进行融合,通过间接ELISA法对融合细胞进行筛选,采用有限稀释法对阳性细胞进行4次亚克隆,获得了3株能稳定分泌N蛋白单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞,分别命名为JY(4)-1、JY(4)-2、JY(4)-3.分别采用体外培养法、诱导腹水法和实体瘤法制备单克隆抗体,并用间接ELISA法检测其效价,结果显示,这3株杂交瘤细胞的细胞培养上清、小鼠腹水和血清的单抗效价均分别为1:512、1:10~5、1:10~5,其中以诱导腹水法制备的单抗产量和效价最佳.间接免疫荧光试验结果显示,这3株单抗均能与TGEV感染的ST细胞产生特异性免疫荧光,而不与猪细小病毒、猪生殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪轮状病毒等发生交叉反应;经鉴定,3株单抗的亚类均为IgG2a,这3株杂交瘤细胞具有良好的遗传稳定性.     

禽流感病毒N8亚型神经氨酸酶基因的克隆和全序列分析

用SPF鸡胚增殖禽流感病毒A/Duck/Australia/341/83(H15N8),通过RT-PCR获得了NA基因全长,连接并转化,增菌培养后,提取阳性质粒进行序列测定,获得了禽流感病毒N8亚型的NA基因序列,分析了NA8基因与其他流感病毒神经氨酸酶基因的相互关系。结果显示,所获得的NA基因片段全长1459bp,最大开放阅读框编码457个氨基酸残基,经Blast分析,该基因与GenBank中其他13株N8亚型毒株的NA基因核苷酸序列同源性为91.6%～73.3%。与其他8个N1～N9亚型NA基因进行遗传演化分析,N8亚型与N5亚型NA基因的亲缘关系最近,与N3亚型NA基因的亲缘关系最远。结果表明,禽流感病毒N8亚型NA基因序列的测定对N8亚型流感病毒的诊断和预防具有重要意义。     

Credible Empowerment and Deliberative Participation: A Comparative Study of Two Nuclear Energy Policy Deliberation Cases in Korea

What factors make deliberative participation of public policy effective? Why, in some cases, are participants in deliberation more motivated than others, and reach their final judgment in a timely manner, based on systematic processes of opinion gathering and consensus building? By comparing and investigating two recent cases of public participation in energy policy deliberation in Korea, we argue that deliberative participation is more effective when the prospect that the outcome of their activities might be accepted by decision makers is high. The two cases, the public deliberation committee (PDC) on the nuclear waste issue which operated from 2013 to 2015, and the PDC on the nuclear power plant construction issue which operated in 2017, show that they went through similar courses of action, and used similar methods for deliberation. However, while the 2017 PDC has produced clear‐cut policy recommendations, and the government have accepted these, the 2013 PDC failed to reach conclusions on the given critical issues. We argue that the difference in the results is caused by credible empowerment along with two other factors––the sensitivity of issues and the learning effect. Participants of deliberation tend to judge the possibility of the government’s acceptance of their opinions based on either the government’s direct announcement or its inclusiveness in the past policy history. If governments are willing to consult the public to increase legitimacy and transparency, they should send explicit signals to the public on its inclusiveness in the short term, and also should increase credibility in the long term.     

N-cyanomethyl-N-methyl-1-(3',4'-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-propylamine: an MDMA manufacturing by-product

This paper describes the structural elucidation of a compound produced during the synthesis of 3,4-methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA) via the reductive amination of 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl-2-propanone (3,4-MDP-2-P) with methylamine and sodium cyanoborohydride. The compound was isolated from MDMA by column chromatography, proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, LC/mass spectrometry, and total synthesis were used to identify the compound as N-cyanomethyl-N-methyl-1-(3',4'-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-propylamine. This compound has been identified as a potential synthetic route marker for the reductive amination of 3,4-MDP-2-P with methylamine and sodium cyanoborohydride and as such it should prove valuable to forensic scientists engaged in profiling illicit drugs. Profiling MDMA can provide useful information to law enforcement agencies relating to synthetic route, precursor chemicals and reagents employed and may be used for comparative analyses of different drug seizures. This paper also describes the structural elucidation of the analogous methylamphetamine synthetic route marker compound, N-cyanomethyl-N-methyl-1-phenyl-2-propylamine, produced during the reductive amination of phenyl-2-propanone using methylamine and sodium cyanoborohydride.     

Evaluation of Two New Methods for DNA Extraction of “Legal High” Plant Species

A quick, simple, and high-yield nucleic acid isolation process is crucial for high-quality DNA analysis. The ability of the MicroGEM PDQeX phytoGEM system and Omega Bio-tek E.Z.N.A.® Plant DS Mini kit to extract PCR-ready DNA was evaluated by extracting the forensically relevant “legal high” plant species: Ipomoea purpurea, Artemisia absinthium, Mitragyna speciosa, Datura stramonium, and Papaver somniferum. The plant material was pulverized, processed using the manufacturer’s plant protocol for the PDQeX Nucleic Acid Extraction or the manufacturer’s protocol for the Omega extraction, quantified using the Invitrogen Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer, and analyzed for amplifiability by PCR using a Qiagen Rotor-Gene Q instrument and published assays. The DNA amplicons for the legal high species produced high-resolution melt curves concordant with the melts observed when DNA was isolated using the Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kit in previous studies.     

The Politics of Technology Decline: Discursive Struggles over Coal Phase‐Out in the UK

The decline of carbon intensive technologies is a key element in the ongoing energy transition and our attempts to tackle climate change. At the same time, our understanding of technology decline and of the associated policies and politics is still limited. This paper builds on the sustainability transitions perspective, a novel approach to analyze socio‐technical transformation, including the complex interplay of policy and technology change. We study the decline of coal‐fired power generation in the United Kingdom from 2000 to 2017 by analyzing the discourse in The Guardian. We find scientists and environmental NGOs criticizing coal for climate and health reasons. Government and incumbent businesses tried to re‐legitimate coal but eventually, their resistance collapsed and coal was almost completely abandoned in just a few years. Particularly devastating for coal were failed promises around carbon capture and storage, rapid diffusion of wind energy, and pressure from various policies. This study contributes to better understanding the contested nature of decline, and the interplay of discursive struggles, technology change, and public policy in sustainability transitions.     

Exploring Aggregate vs. Relative Public Trust in Administrative Agencies that Manage Spent Nuclear Fuel in the United States

Trust is a key component of democratic decision‐making and becomes even more salient in highly technical policy areas, where the public relies heavily on experts for decision making and on the information provided by federal agencies. Research to date has not examined whether the members of the public place different levels of trust in the various agencies that operate within the same policy subsystem, especially in a highly technical subsystem such as that of nuclear energy and waste management. This paper explores public trust in multiple agencies operating within the same subsystem, trust in each agency relative to aggregate trust across agencies that operate within the nuclear waste subsystem, and trust in alternative agencies that have been suggested as possible players in the decision‐making process. We find that trust accorded to different federal agencies within the nuclear waste subsystem varies. The variation in trust is systematically associated with multiple factors, including basic trust in government, perceptions about the risks and benefits of nuclear energy/waste management, party identification, and education. These findings have significant implications for research on public trust in specific government agencies, alternative policy entities, and for policy makers who want to design robust and successful policies and programs in highly technical policy domains.     

Competing Policy Windows in Biotechnology: The FDA,the 21st Century Cures Act,and Laboratory‐Developed Tests

In 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) proposed taking a more active role in the regulation of laboratory‐developed tests (LDTs). Meanwhile, the U.S. House of Representatives embarked upon the 21st Century Cures initiative to develop legislation to expedite the development of new biotechnology innovations. During that initiative and in the public comments responding to the draft guidance, there was significant disagreement as to whether the increased FDA regulation of LDTs was beneficial or detrimental to biotechnology. Both the FDA guidance document and the 21st Century Cures Act came about due to the opening of a window of opportunity created by the convergence of circumstances. The question is whether the windows of opportunity are competing and how to resolve this competition. This study will investigate these questions through a qualitative case study. It will also provide recommendations for resolving policy disputes involving wicked problems like biotechnology policy.