Drittschadensliquidation

Blo?e Schadensverlagerung auf einen Dritten soll den Sch?diger von seiner Ersatzpflicht nicht befreien. Daher kommt es, soweit der Ersatzanspruch nicht ohnedies durch Legalzession auf den Dritten übergeht, zur Drittschadensliquidation durch den unmittelbar Gesch?digten. Der Beitrag untersucht dies für verschiedene Fallgruppen und hebt die Bedeutung der Schadensverlagerung für die Bemessung des Umfangs des Schadenersatzanspruchs sowie zur Abgrenzung von Drittschadensliquidation und Vertrag mit Schutzwirkung zugunsten Dritter hervor.     

Dienstleistungsrichtlinie und Immobilienwirtschaft

Die Dienstleistungsrichtlinie (RL 2006/123/EG des Europ?ischen Parlaments und des Rates, vom 12. 12. 2006, über Dienstleistungen im Binnenmarkt, ABl L 376/36), die bis 28. 12. 2009 von den Mitgliedsstaaten der EU umzusetzen ist, hat neben ihrem arbeitsrechtlichen Schwerpunkt auch Auswirkungen auf die Immobilienwirtschaft sowie deren rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen. ?sterreich hat durch eine Novelle der GewO 1994 einen der wichtigsten Punkte der DL-RL, n?mlich die obligatorische Berufshaftpflichtversicherung der Immobilientreuh?nder – Nachweis dieser Versicherung bis sp?testens 27. 8. 2008 – bereits umgesetzt. Angesichts verschiedener Vorbehalte bleibt allerdings die Integrationswirkung der DL-RL hin zu einer Europ?isierung des gesamten Wohn- und Immobilienrechts in absehbarer Zeit beschr?nkt.     

论中国在建立国际经济新秩序中的战略定位——兼评“新自由主义经济秩序”论、“WTO宪政秩序”论、“经济民族主义扰乱全球化秩序”论

1980年代以来,国际社会中力图阻挠或扭曲建立国际经济新秩序(NIEO)历史潮流的各种学说层出不穷,诸如"新自由主义经济秩序"论、"WTO宪政秩序"论、"经济民族主义扰乱全球化秩序"论等等。这类学说虽然激发了一些新的有益思考,却确实造成了一系列新的思想混乱。建立NIEO乃是1950年代以来全球弱势群体数十亿人口争取国际经济平权地位的共同奋斗目标,当代中国人应当全面、完整、准确地加深理解邓小平的"韬光养晦、有所作为"方针,将中国在建立NIEO历史进程中的战略坐标和基本角色,定位为旗帜鲜明、言行一致的积极推动者。中国理应进一步发扬传统的具有独特内涵的中华民族爱国主义,通过BRICSM类型的"南南联合"群体,成为建立NIEO的积极推手和中流砥柱之一。总之,中国人务必保持清醒,谨防落入上述各种"时髦"理论的陷阱。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血液和尿液中秋水仙碱

目的建立检测血液和尿液中秋水仙碱的液相色谱-串联质谱法。方法0.5mL血液或尿液以丁丙诺啡为内标,经pH9.2硼酸盐缓冲溶液碱化后,用乙酸乙酯进行提取,在ZORBAX SB-C18液相柱(150mm×2.1mm×5μm)上以V(甲醇)∶V(20mmol/L乙酸铵和0.1%甲酸缓冲溶液)=80∶20为流动相,流速为0.2mL/min,采用电喷雾正离子模式离子化、多反应监测模式检测秋水仙碱,内标法定量。结果血液、尿液中秋水仙碱与内标丁丙诺啡色谱分离良好,秋水仙碱在0.1~50 ng/mL内均具有良好的线性,相关系数>0.9990,最低检出限为0.05ng/mL,方法回收率为94%~116%,日内与日间精密度(RSD)均小于8.5%。结论所建LC-MS-MS方法灵敏度高、操作简便、快速、准确,适用于血液及尿液等生物检材中痕量秋水仙碱成分的检测。     

红细胞和血痕酸性磷酸酶(EAP)表型及广东人群EAP基因频率的调查

本文采用薄层聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电聚焦电泳检测红细胞及血痕酸性磷酸酶表型,并对不同条件下的血痕标本进行检测,发现室温下(15～33℃)保存的110例纱布血痕7周内可全部正确分型,21例磁板血痕9周内均可正确分型;含血量≥5λl 的血痕可被正确检出 EAP 表型;日晒、水洗、发霉等因素可影响血痕 EAP 型的正确检出。同时调查了广东人群的 EAP 表型分布,基因频率为 p~a=0. 2338,p~b=0. 7662,发现 EAP 基因频率分布存在着地区差异。     

栅格特征在打印文件检验中的应用研究

目的通过对打印文字栅格特征进行实验研究,总结其稳定性和易引起特征变化的因素,为二次添加打印和换页变造文件检验探索新的思路。方法以500个常用汉字为主要研究对象,选用不同品牌、不同型号激光打印机,设置不同分辨率或质量模式,用同一台电脑或不同台电脑安装不同驱动程序,打印中易宋体常用字不同字号的样本。通过对打印文字笔画细节特征进行比对分析,总结打印文字栅格特征的规律特点。结果打印文字存在三类栅格特征,一是横笔段厚度特征,二是竖笔段宽度特征,三是斜笔画阶梯特征。同一台打印机一次打印的文件,相同字体字号文字的栅格特征反映相同;不同打印机或同一台打印机连接不同版本操作系统的电脑,或安装不同驱动程序,或选择不同的打印分辨率,栅格特征可能发生变化。结论栅格特征在同一次打印的文件中具有稳定性,在不同硬件和软件环境下可能发生改变,可以为换页文件和二次添加打印文件检验提供新的思路。     

地面三维激光扫描在交通事故勘查及重建中的应用进展

本文回顾了地面三维激光扫描技术的发展历程和应用场景,简要阐述了地面三维激光扫描系统的技术原理和作业流程,对地面三维激光扫描技术在交通事故领域的应用进行分类,并详细梳理了各类别下的最新研究成果与实例,结合交通事故勘查和重建发展需求,探讨了目前存在的问题和未来发展方向。     

Value-Added Tax (VAT) Development and Reform History—A Study of VAT Evolution Around the World and in China

Value-added Tax (VAT), a turnover tax levied on the value appreciated in commodities production, circulation and sale, has been widely practiced by economies worldwide for its neutrality. From the international perspective, European Union VAT and New Zealand VAT stand out as characteristic models of VAT development and reform history. With changing economic development models and the growth of e-commerce businesses, VAT systems have been upgraded to meet taxation challenges brought about by the digital economy. Recently, VAT policies and measures have been introduced particularly to combat the COVID-19 impact. In China, the VAT system has been reformed constantly over the past 40 years and has been converging with international practice. China now needs to address emerging VAT issues through legislation, tax incentives, and tax-rate grades so as to meet challenges in VAT collection and management and to suit the “new normal” of economic development.     

On the Legal Regulation of Algorithms

Increasingly, algorithms challenge legal regulations, and also challenge the right to explanation, personal privacy and freedom, and individual equal protection. As decision-making mechanisms for human-machine interaction, algorithms are not value-neutral and should be legally regulated. Algorithm disclosure, personal data empowerment, and anti-algorithmic discrimination are traditional regulatory methods relating to algorithms, but mechanically using these methods presents difficulties in feasibility and desirability. Algorithm disclosure faces difficulties such as technical infeasibility, meaningless disclosure, user gaming and intellectual property right infringement. And personal data empowerment faces difficulties such as personal difficulty in exercising data rights and excessive personal data empowerment, making it difficult for big data and algorithms to operate effectively. Anti-algorithmic discrimination faces difficulties such as non-machine algorithmic discrimination, impossible status neutrality, and difficult realization of social equality. Taking scenarios of algorithms lightly is the root cause of the traditional algorithm regulation path dilemma. Algorithms may differ in attributes due to specific algorithmic subjects, objects and domains involved. Therefore, algorithm regulation should be developed and employed based on a case-by-case approach to the development of accountable algorithms. Following these development principles, specific rules can be enacted to regulate algorithm disclosure, data empowerment, and anti-algorithmic discrimination.     

超高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱法检测血斑中乙醇生物标志物

Objective To establish a method for determination of two alcohol biomarkers (ethyl glucuronide, EtG;ethyl sulphate, EtS) in bloodstains via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/eOrbitrap HRMS). Methods The bloodstains were prepared on clean glass slide where to have dropped the venous blood spiked of EtG or EtS, having them extracted with 50% hydrated methanol. The bloodstain-extracted supernatant was separated on a Synicronis C18 column (150mm×2.1mm×5.0μm) with gradient elution that was run through the mobile phases consisting of 0.1% formic acid (phase A) and acetonitrile: methanol (v/v 1:1) (containing 0.1% formic acid ) (phase B). MS tests were coupled with HPLC under HESI (heating electrospray ionization) source operated in negative ionization full-scan mode. Results Both EtG and EtS were linear with their calibration curves among the range of 0.2-100ng/patch (R²=0.9991, 0.9994), showing good recovery, intra-and inter-day precision less than 15%. The matrix effect was in the range of 85%-120%. Conclusion The method is effective to detect alcohol biomarkers (EtG and EtS) in bloodstains. © 2021, Editorial Office of Forensic Science and Technology. All rights reserved.