American standards: definition and differentiation through nonprofit regulation

Nongovernmental organizations are deeply enmeshed in global governance, as promoters and, increasingly, subjects of regulation. Focusing on the proliferation of self-regulatory initiatives, this article asks: Why do NGOs adopt governance initiatives? Do their subsequent regulatory experiences match their expectations? It investigates these questions through the analysis of InterAction, the American international NGO alliance, and its PVO Standards. Based on interviews with NGO leaders, it emphasizes collective meaning over material benefit: American NGOs constitute themselves as American NGOs through standards, with which they underscore their professionalism and market orientation. These gains do not accrue equally, however, with large, central organizations perceived to benefit most from regulation.     

Social Return on Investment Analysis of Government Purchases of Social Service Projects

Whether government purchases of public services is worth？It draws great attention from the public, but the objective method has not been found to respond to this issue. Concerning the value measurement in government purchases of social service projects, this paper examines the applicability of the existing evaluation methods, reconstructs evaluation models based on the Social Return of Investment (SROI) analysis model, and makes a preliminary study of one case. The study found that SROI not only can fully describe all the stakeholders’ input, output and outcome in the project, but can quantify the cost, effect and a return on investment, which checked whether services have created a default value of efficiency, quality, effect and fairness. However, SROI still faces restrictions on calculating cost and effect, collecting assessment data and effect pricing of stakeholders. Consequently, this paper suggests to establish evaluation criterion of project value, to build information platform of public service evaluation, and to develop relevant analysis tools, thus we can construct value measurement framework of government purchases of social service projects.     

武汉汉族4个Y-STR基因座遗传多态性调查

目的　调查汉族人群DYS19、GATA A10、GATA A7 2和DYS4 5 8Y染色体STR基因座的遗传多态性。方法　利用PCR和PAGE技术对 16 0例无关男性血样进行 4个Y STR基因座分型。结果　 4个Y STR基因座群体调查分别发现 5、5、6和 9个等位基因 ,基因座GD值分别为 0 6 36 5、0 6 996、0 6 377和 0 82 39。共检出 10 7种单倍型、单倍型GD值为 0 986 7。结论　 4个Y STR基因座均具有较高的遗传多态性 ,在法医学个人识别和亲子鉴定有实用价值     

我国首例艾滋病抗体阳性死亡病例的进一步病理研究

作者原报告艾滋相关综合征(ARC),经用组化和免疫组化方法,发现肺部有混合性机会感染和淋巴结免疫缺陷病变,应诊断艾滋病(AHDS)。     

OHSMS保护工人职业安全卫生的认识和实践

职业安全卫生管理体系 (OHSMS)是由国际劳工组织 (ILO)提出的对企业的职业安全卫生工作进行系统管理的标准及方法。我国已经开始了推广、认证工作 ,这也是广大工会劳动保护工作者应当参予的一项重要工作。本文论述了OHSMS的内容、特点及笔者参与企业该项工作实践的体会     

中药对鸡新城疫灭活疫苗免疫效果的影响

手工乳化制备含 2 0 g/L人参皂甙、4 0g/L海藻多糖、4 0 g/L黄芪多糖、4 0 g/L芦荟多糖的鸡新城疫灭活油乳剂疫苗 ,注射免疫 2 1日龄粤黄鸡 ,即日起连续 3d按体重胸肌注射环磷酰胺 4 0mg/kg ,每日 1次 ;免疫后第 7、14、2 1、2 8、4 2d采血检测鸡新城疫HI抗体效价 ,免疫后第 14、2 8d采血检测红细胞CR1受体 (RBC CR1)花环率、免疫器官指数和血清超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)活性。结果表明 ,人参皂甙、海藻多糖在免疫后期能提高鸡新城疫HI抗体效价 ,而黄芪多糖、芦荟多糖作用不明显 ;人参皂甙、黄芪多糖、芦荟多糖能显著提高鸡RBC CR1花环率 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,海藻多糖作用不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;海藻多糖、芦荟多糖能显著提高血清SOD活性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,人参皂甙、黄芪多糖作用不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;人参皂甙、海藻多糖能显著提高免疫器官指数 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,黄芪多糖、芦荟多糖作用不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。     

JA1对肝癌细胞端粒酶活性及细胞凋亡的影响

采用单管一步完成端粒重复序列扩增 (TRAP)法检测肝癌细胞 (HepG2 )经某豆科植物种子粗提物 (简称JA1)不同浓度作用前后和相同浓度、不同时间作用前后端粒酶活性的变化 ,并采用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡和细胞周期的改变。结果显示 ,JA1可显著抑制HepG2的端粒酶活性 ,而且这种抑制效果有浓度依赖性和时间依赖性。流式细胞仪分析表明 ,经JA1作用后的HepG2标本中有明显的DNA低含量颗粒 (“亚G1期”峰 ) ,表明JA1诱导了HepG2的凋亡 ,且凋亡率与JA1的浓度和作用时间呈正相关。     

大鼠乌头碱中毒心肌酶的研究(Ⅳ)——乳酸脱氢酶的组织化学和细胞化学定位

本文用组织化学和细胞化学相结合的方法,对乌头碱染毒后不同时间的大鼠心肌乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)进行了显微和超微结构定位。染毒后30min、2h 和4h,大鼠心肌 LDH 酶反应增强,至染毒后12h,24h 活性仍高于对照组。表明在有氧氧化障碍的同时,中毒鼠的心肌糖酵解增强,为乌头碱造成心肌能量代谢障碍的中毒机理进一步提供了证据。     

应用酶组织化学方法鉴定死亡时间的初步探讨

利用7例颅脑外伤死亡的健康青年尸体,在死后48h,环境温度18～24℃,空气相对湿度83～92％和实验湿度54～64％的条件下,检测肝脏、肾脏酶活性的变化。实验结果表明,肝脏乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和L-苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH),随着死亡时间的延长,活性逐渐减低,48h近于阴性;而肾脏上述二种酶活性则在死亡后6h和24h出现高峰,36h开始下降;肝脏的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)亦于死后6h和24h出现高峰,36h开始下降。而肾脏此种酶在死后18～24h,有增高趋势。笔者认为上述酶活性的规律性变化有助于死亡时间的推断。应用二种以上酶活性的变化特点,能够较准确地判断死亡时间。     

房室传导系统发育异常猝死的病理学研究

本文报告了三名男性青年人房室结和／或房室束、束支发育异常，在情绪激动和／或用力情况下突然无声息倒地死亡。经病理组织学研究，发现有胎儿型房室结、心传导系统附加束存在和房室结畸形等发育异常改变。本文对其病理组织学特征、猝死机理和诱因进行了讨论。