Investigation of 74 microhaplotypes for kinship testing in US populations

Microhaplotypes are markers that consist of haplotype blocks of SNPs, which can be analyzed by massively parallel sequencing technologies. These allow determining the haplotype phase at every locus by clonal sequencing each DNA strand. MHs are polymorphic loci with same size alleles, no stutter, and lower mutation rate than STRs. They can provide the same power of discrimination of STR-kits, thus useful for mixture deconvolution, but more accurate ancestry prediction than STRs. In this study we investigated the potential of a recently developed 74plex-MH panel for kinship testing using the Familias software.Samples from families of four major US population groups were collected and genotyped using the 74plex-MH panel. MH allele frequency data from 347 individuals were imported into Familias software along with STR allele frequency data of 29 loci (NIST dataset) from 1036 individuals. Different family scenarios were tested and these included unrelated vs parent-child, unrelated vs full siblings, unrelated vs half siblings, unrelated vs cousin pairs. The prediction of the kinship relation for the four populations of interest was reported as Log10 of the likelihood ratio (LR).Overall, the panel of 74MHs and 29STRs showed similar performance in predicting the correct kinship scenarios tested. Correct prediction was reported for parent-child, full siblings, and half sibling scenarios, but not for the cousin pairs scenario. The panel of 74 MHs showed larger Log10LR values than the 29 STR-assay, thus demonstrating the effectiveness of this biomarker as a tool for kinship testing in addition to mixture deconvolution and ancestry prediction.     

Applying frame analysis and reframing for integrated conservation and development: example from Mumbai

The way we frame a given problem structures the content that is brought into focus and thus the kinds of practical steps seen as necessary to alleviate it. This article interrogates two competing partial framings implicated in ongoing controversy over mangrove destruction in Vikhroli East, Mumbai, which have precluded integrated conservation and development. The article analyses the content of each particular framing, identifies their respective “blind spots”, and evaluates the validity of various frame components. It concludes with an exemplary alternative reframing arguably more conducive to social justice and sustainability in Vikhroli East and beyond.     

Does plot size matter? Evidence from maize production in Babati District,Tanzania

Debates about optimal farm structure and size have a long history in agricultural economics. Agricultural and development economists argue for an inverse relationship between farm size and productivity, but debates around this remain inconclusive. This article provides a case from maize production in Babati District, Tanzania. The efficiency level of 122 sampled smallholder farmers was estimated and found to be 62.3%, suggesting 37.7% of inefficiencies. A U-shape relationship between plot size and efficiency scores was found. There was high efficiency at plots <2?ha, compared to 2?ha and 3?ha, followed by efficiency at plots >4?ha. Policies stimulating small- and large-scale farms in the country are imperative.     

中国共产党与妇女界抗日民族统一战线

抗战时期，中共在共产国际七大政策和国共合作的影响下，制定以动员妇女抗战为核心的统战政策，建立形态多元的妇女统战组织，为妇女界抗日民族统一战线的建立提供了政策基础和组织保证。适应国共关系的变化，中共采取灵活机动的统战策略，应对妇女运动领域的摩擦，使妇女界抗日民族统一战线得到发展和巩固，为中国抗战的胜利积聚了力量。     

死后离体人肝组织的激光共聚焦显微拉曼光谱分析

目的观察和探讨人死后肝组织细胞激光共聚焦显微拉曼光谱的变化规律及其与死亡时间的关系。方法离体肝组织于死后48～72h内每隔4h提取样品,采用激光共聚焦显微拉曼光谱技术进行检测。观察800cm-1～3 200cm-1范围内检测样本特征峰的变化,指认其对应的化学基团,选择强度比值I1094/I2923作为响应值,并进行统计学计算。结果在48～72h内,随时间的延长,肝组织细胞主要散射峰峰位无明显变化,而其峰强度有明显差异;与核酸有关的峰（1 094cm-1）强度随时间推移有明显下降;与脂类有关的峰（1 454cm-1、2 923cm-1）强度变化不明显;各相对峰强（I1094/I2923）随死亡时间的推移而减小,并得到回归方程（r=0.914）。结论人死后肝组织细胞DNA降解随死亡时间延长呈下降趋势,I1094/I2923值与PMI呈负线性关系。激光共聚焦显微拉曼光谱技术有望成为推断死亡时间的检测方法。     

Reviving rosetta tharpe: performance and memory in the 21st century

This article examines the pleasures and dangers of the 'reviving'—that is, restoring to memory, of a 'forgotten' female gospel-guitarist, Sister Rosetta Tharpe. It argues that the erasure of black women from cultural memory is not merely the effect of the passage of time, but of small but significant acts of forgetting that themselves constitute cultural practices. As examples of attempts to forestall forgetting and 'revive' the dead, the essay looks to a recent Rosetta Tharpe tribute CD, composed of women musicians' versions of songs Tharpe made famous, as well as a local Pittsburgh theatre incorporation of Tharpe as a character in its production 4 Real Women. Both projects, although inevitably fraught by difficulties specific to their medium of performance and address, set the terms of cultural 'revival' crucial not merely to Rosetta Tharpe but to black women performers generally.     

国际海事仲裁员大会第十七届会议综述

第十七届国际海事仲裁员大会共确定五个主要议题：一是世界范围内仲裁的最新发展;二是仲裁程序中存在的若干重要问题;三是提单/租约等运输合同争议;四是海事技术问题;五是近年来出现的航运热点问题。     

Customary and contemporary resources for women's empowerment in Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, dramatic social and economic changes are transforming historical forms of patriarchy with various impacts on pathways to women's empowerment. We hypothesised contemporary resources would be more strongly associated with women's empowerment, as reflected in their influence in family decisions. In cross-sectional analysis, we found the contemporary resources of employment and membership in NGOs were most strongly and consistently associated with women's influence in family decisions. Education was only modestly associated, as were customary resources, including age and fertility. Programmatic efforts to enhance women's empowerment should consider the rapidly changing environment and the importance of women's economic participation.     

再审程序的理解与适用——兼评《刑事诉讼法》关于再审程序的修改

刑事再审程序,是一种非常救济程序,应当注重再审纠错与程序安定性价值之间的衡平。此次《刑事诉讼法》修改用修改两条、新增两条的方式对刑事再审程序作了一定的修改与完善,有其进步意义。但对于申诉改造、再审事由的设置、再审的启动主体以及再审审理程序的构建等核心问题并没有涉及。因而,此次《刑事诉讼法》关于再审程序的修改只能称得上是程序"微调"。从司法适用的角度来讲,新《刑事诉讼法》的有关规定尚有进一步完善、细化的必要。对此,结合中国的司法实际,可以通过司法解释的形式加以完善,以统一指导司法实践。     

民国时期华侨议员选举制度及实践浅析

本文研究的核心问题是民国时期的华侨议员选举制度及具体实践,对华侨议员的产生方式及制度规定,具体选举组织和选务工作实践加以介绍。通过对华侨议员群体的居住地区、知识结构、政治立场的分析可以了解这一群体的基本特征,这是了解其政治意识和参政能力的前提。本文最后对整个民国时期华侨议员参政议政的实践、效果及不足之处加以分析和总结。