肺动脉栓塞猝死的法医病理学检验

对５０例肺动脉栓塞猝死案例分析,结果显示：引起肺动脉栓塞猝死的主要原因为创伤（４２％）,心脏疾病（３２％）,外科手术（２０％）等。血栓栓子多来源于下肢静脉（８０％）;其次为心腔内附壁血栓（２０％）。发生猝死高峰季节为１０～１２月;低峰季节为４～６月。猝死场所多见于医院内。最后提出了该病的法医学鉴定注意事项     

脑死亡脑外器官病理变化的实验性研究

选用34只家猫研究脑死亡后脑外器官（心、肺、肝、肾）的病理学变化。经任内持续加压造成脑死亡模型,根据人工维持心跳和呼吸的时间分3组。结果脑死亡后出现：（1）缺血性心肌病变,心内膜下出血,心肌局灶性坏死及线粒体、微丝破坏;（2）肺淤血,水肿,间质炎症;（3）肝小叶中央带、中间带缺血性病变;（4）肾近曲小管缺血性病变。     

Differentiation of Antemortem and Postmortem Appendicular Fractures Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Signal Intensity Changes in Bone and Soft Tissues,

Intraosseous T1-weighted (T1W) and short-tau inversion recovery (STIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal intensity changes—so-called bone marrow edema—may be able to differentiate antemortem and postmortem fractures in human forensic imaging. The primary objective of this study was to investigate this hypothesis using an animal model. Three juvenile Landrace pigs were anesthetized and underwent MRI of both tibiae and both radii using a 1.5 T magnet. T1W, T2-weighted (T2W), STIR, and T2* sequences were included. Antemortem fractures were induced in both tibiae and postmortem fractures in both radii, and MRI was repeated. Two board-certified radiologists blinded to fracture group jointly evaluated the images for intraosseous and soft tissue signal intensity changes. Sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) in identifying antemortem fractures were calculated based on intraosseous, soft tissue, and combined intraosseous and soft tissue signal intensity changes. Intraosseous and soft tissue signal intensity changes, when present, were hyperintense in all sequences. Intraosseous hyperintensity in T1W and T2W sequences yielded Sp of 100% for antemortem fractures. Regardless of sequence, soft tissue hyperintensity was comparatively more sensitive than intraosseous hyperintensity. Sensitivity for each sequence could be maximized by assessment of soft tissue and intraosseous hyperintense signals together; for the T1W sequence, such assessment optimized diagnostic utility yielding a Se of 100% and Sp of 83%. In summary, MRI—particularly the T1W sequence—can differentiate antemortem and postmortem fractures and may be a useful adjunct to the forensic analyses of fractures.     

Pulmonary Cement Embolism After Kyphoplasty

Pulmonary polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement embolism after kyphoplasty (KP) surgery is a quite frequent event as well as the pulmonary embolization of central venous catheter fragment. This report shows the case of a subject who, after KP, developed pulmonary embolism and who underwent thoracic surgery. After hospital discharge, the subject advanced a claim for damages toward the hospital where he was operated, complaining sensation of tenderness at the chest surgical scar and esthetic damage. To understand the nature of the embolism (either central venous catheter fragment or cement), chemical investigations were then ordered. Spectrometry identified the PMMA cement used for KP. When doubts rise about the origin of the embolized material, chemical investigations may reveal important data not only for clinical but also for forensic purposes.     

Molecular Pathology of Pulmonary Edema in Forensic Autopsy Cases with Special Regard to Fatal Methamphetamine Intoxication

Pulmonary edema is a common finding in fatal methamphetamine intoxication. However, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. This study investigated the molecular pathology of alveolar damage involving pulmonary edema in forensic autopsy cases. Seven candidate reference genes (RPL13A, YWHAZ, GUSB, SDHA, GAPDH, B2M, and ACTB) were evaluated in the lung by the geNorm module in qBase^plus software. RPL13A, YWHAZ, and GUSB were identified as the most stable reference genes. Using these validated reference genes, intrapulmonary mRNA expressions of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), claudin‐5 (CLDN‐5), and aquaporins (AQPs) were examined. Relative mRNA quantification using TaqMan real‐time PCR assay demonstrated higher expressions of all markers except for AQP‐5 in fatal METH intoxication cases. These findings suggested alveolar damage and compensatory response in fatal METH intoxication cases. Systematic analysis of gene expressions using real‐time qPCR is a useful tool in forensic death investigation.     

Occult Adrenocortical Carcinoma and Unexpected Early Childhood Death

A four‐year‐old previously well boy collapsed unexpectedly and was taken immediately to hospital, where he developed seizures and cardiogenic shock with lethal, rapidly progressing multi‐organ failure. At autopsy, the height was >90th percentile and there were indications of early virilization. Internally, a friable tumor of the left adrenal gland was identified that had invaded the left renal vein and inferior vena cava. Histology revealed typical features of an adrenocortical carcinoma with aggregated trabeculae of cells containing abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and large pleomorphic nuclei. There was strong positive cytoplasmic staining for inhibin; mitochondria were shown on electron microscopy to contain prominent electron‐dense granules. Death was due to massive pulmonary tumor embolism. Although adrenocortical carcinomas are very rare and are more commonly found in adults, the current case demonstrates that they may also occur in childhood and be responsible for unexpected death by the very unusual mechanism of tumor embolism.     

Suture Embolism of the Left Superior Lobar Pulmonary Artery

Endogenous pulmonary thromboemboli are a common cause of noncardiac sudden natural death. Embolism of exogenous material is a rare but potential finding in autopsies following surgeries, medical procedures, penetrating trauma, and nonparenteral drug abuse. This report describes the first case of a suture embolism of the left superior lobar pulmonary artery following complicated abdominal surgery.     

Unexpected Death in Elephantiasis Due to an Abnormal Life-Style

Abstract:  A 22-year-old man was found dead after he had continued to sit on a reclining chair for 2 years. He had consumed an unbalanced diet, kept wearing the same pair of socks and never washed himself for the term. His skin of bilateral crura developed into elephantiasis with severely festered ulcers on its surface. At autopsy, subcutaneous edema was significant in his lower limbs, and chronic circulatory disturbance of lymphoducts and veins was observed histologically. There were no crucial findings to account for chronic edema in the lower limbs. It has been reported that maintaining a seated posture obstructs both lymphoducts and veins because of bending the groin, decreases their return flow by inducing muscular atrophy, and causes subcutaneous edema in the lower limbs. Oligotrophia and dirt on his limbs might have exacerbated the chronic edema in elephantiasis. We concluded that a long-term abnormal life-style had caused fatal elephantiasis.     

柴金饮治疗痰浊阻肺型慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期31例

目的 观察柴金饮对痰浊阻肺型慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with acute exacerbation,AECOPD)患者炎症指标降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor al...     

芪白平肺胶囊对慢性阻塞性肺疾病痰瘀阻肺证大鼠肺部炎症和肺功能的影响

目的 观察芪白平肺胶囊对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)痰瘀阻肺证模型大鼠肺部炎症和肺功能的影响.方法 将80只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、脾氨肽组、芪白平肺胶囊组.采用强迫游泳、被动吸烟和低氧环境复合方法复制COPD模型.观察大鼠一般状态;检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中细胞总数和炎症细胞比例;光学显微镜下观察肺组织形态变化;ELISA法检测大鼠血清白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β、IL-6、IL-8及肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)水平;检测各组大鼠第0.3秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in 0.3 seconds,FEV0.3)、用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)、FEV0.3占FVC比值(FEV0.3/FVC).结果 与正常组比较,模型组大鼠一般情况较差,肺功能明显降低,肺组织可见大量炎症细胞浸润,肺泡间隔明显增厚,支气管壁可见明显黏液腺增生,管腔变窄;BALF中细胞总数、单核-巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞比例均明显升高(P<0.05);血清IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α水平明显升高(P<0.05).与模型组比较,芪白平肺胶囊组及脾氨肽组大鼠肺组织病理变化明显改善;BALF中细胞总数和单核-巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞比例及血清IL-1β、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α水平明显降低(P<0.05);FEV0.3、FVC、FEV0.3/FVC均明显升高(P<0.05).其中芪白平肺胶囊组上述指标的改善程度明显大于脾氨肽组.结论 芪白平肺胶囊可明显改善COPD痰瘀阻肺证大鼠肺部炎症,改善大鼠肺功能,其机制可能与下调血清相关炎症指标及肺部炎症细胞浸润有关.