从中国与新西兰《劳动合作谅解备忘录》看国际贸易与国际劳工标准问题

随着全球化与贸易自由化的发展,全球地区与双边自由贸易协议中附带劳工标准的协议内容在逐渐增加.中国加入世界贸易组织前后反对将贸易与劳工标准挂钩,但在中国与新西兰2008年4月签署的双边自由贸易协定中却附加了<劳动合作谅解备忘录>,由此表明中国在面对人世后市场经济地位、劳工权益保护等问题都不可能避开劳工标准的问题,寻找共同的基点和解决方案是今后相当长的时间内各国普遍关注的问题.     

Normative and Civilisational Regionalisms: The EU,Russia and their Common Neighbourhoods

The contours of regionalism in a wider Europe are shaped by two dominant actors, the European Union (EU) and Russia, which often have divergent visions of the regional landscapes in a vast area constituting their common neighbourhood. The EU can be characterised as the promoter of normative regionalism, while Russia generates different forms of civilisational regionalism. Russia’s emphasis on the civilisational underpinnings of its regional integration model paves the way for two different strategies: one based on liberal imitation and replication of EU experiences in order to strengthen Russia’s position in the global neoliberal economy, and another grounded in illiberal contestation of the normative premises of the EU with the purpose of devising an ideologised alternative to the liberal West.     

Promising more to give less: international disputes between core and periphery around European posted labor, 1955–2018

ABSTRACT

The posting of workers from the European periphery has generated the longest and most tumultuous series of labor disputes in the history of European Integration. On the basis of relevant archives, this article conducts the first historical review of posting rules in the European Union, from the first negotiation in 1955 until the latest directive in 2018. This historical review enables to discard the idea of a neoliberal turn in posting rules from the 1980s onward. It also leads to reject the explanation of disputes by the movement out of the European periphery under posting rules of a Lumpenproletariat insensitive to class struggle. Instead, the article identifies the increasing regulation of the labor market at the expense of posting opportunities since thirty years. It reveals the dominant role played by governments and their invariable support for their workers. It highlights the constant asymmetry of power between core richer countries and the Southern and Eastern periphery of the European Union. Eventually, this article locates the long-term problem in the contradictions between the interests of workers and firms in richer destination countries and the enlargements of the Single Market to poorer countries.     

Paving the way for farm animal welfare in international relations: an EU–Brazil case study

As a sensitive area in international trade, animal welfare measures have encountered resistance in negotiations at the World Trade Organization (WTO). Consequently, alternative avenues have been pursued to reach international trade policy convergence. To further understand the contemporary trade politics of animal welfare, an empirical investigation was conducted on the interplay between European and Brazilian actors in the context of livestock production. By drawing upon diplomatic studies and the global governance literature, this study identifies and analyses initiatives that parallel the WTO approach and through which the development and implementation of mutually acceptable farm animal welfare measures have been pursued. Research findings indicate that a constellation of international non-diplomatic actors are currently engaged in influencing the future development of farm animal welfare measures. Among the initiatives that enable the alignment of European and Brazilian animal welfare policies and practices, there are soft instruments such as knowledge sharing and private standards. The rise of new actors and the use of soft instruments have been, to a certain extent, able to mitigate the tardiness of a WTO consensus regarding the use of animal welfare measures. However, there are concerns that the use of private standards has become a shortcut to circumvent the rigours of the multilateral trading system. This concern deserves a closer look because instead of paving the way, private standards may hamper trade relations which in turn hamper progress in animal welfare matters.     

论我国中小企业界定标准的完善

为了扶植中小企业发展，各国均制定有促进中小企业发展的法律政策，这些法律政策首先要解决的问题就是对扶持对象——中小企业进行科学的界定。我国目前中小企业划分标准在实施中遇到了一些问题，应该采取定性和定量标准相结合的方式，重新界定小企业的内涵，简化中小企业的划分指标，细化中小企业划分标准，并将中小企业界定标准覆盖到全部第三产业。     

商事登记二元化审查标准的困境与出路

我国商事登记的审查标准经历了从实质审查标准到二元化标准的变迁,但是,由于传统注重安全的监管理念、规范内容的缺失以及环境机制的不健全,造成二元化标准在实践中存在适用范围混乱、效率低下等困境。因此,对之完善和建构的出路是,坚持注重效率,兼顾安全的审查理念,明确形式标准和实质标准的适用关系,并对实质审查的适用条件和方法予以规范。     

论枉法裁决罪的认定(下)

《刑法修正案(六)》第20条规定的罪名,是枉法裁决罪,而非枉法仲裁罪,称为枉法仲裁罪易致误解,并极易扩大修正案确定的适用范围。基于仲裁与诉讼的诸多不同,在枉法裁决罪的认定和适用上,不能简单地参照民事、行政枉法裁判罪的标准,而应在协调与仲裁立法(含《仲裁法》、《民事诉讼法》)及国际公约内容内在逻辑一致性的基础上,从严把握枉法裁决罪的犯罪构成及定案标准。     

再论宪法概念

宪法概念是法律事实而非社会事实,是制度事实而非自然事实,是规范事实而非生活事实,具体表现为宪法所规范的权利义务关系。它既可存在于形式宪法中,也可存在于实质宪法中,其中宪法文本是宪法概念最主要的表现形式。如果以社会学或者哲学方法进行研究,宪法文本并非不可以批判,但法学方法的宪法学是对宪法概念进行描述基础上的逻辑分析,并体系化。欲证立中国宪法概念,须以普遍性宪法价值为前提,以中国宪法文本为基础,厘定其法律含义,梳理其传承和变化过程,确立这些宪法概念的当代含义,按照我国宪法理论和法律逻辑使之体系化。这意味着对宪法概念的研究必须回到宪法文本,体系化的宪法学可称为宪法释义学。     

独联体与俄联邦标准概况

独联体或俄联邦的标准,就是经独联体或俄联邦的标准化机构批准的规范性文件。现行有效的独联体跨国标准都是逐步由前苏联标准转化而来,还有一部分是由国际标准"修改"后转化的标准。俄联邦的国家标准是俄罗斯联邦标准化委员会制订的标准。大体上有10000多件标准。     

吸毒成瘾认定标准的基本架构——兼评《吸毒成瘾认定办法》

吸毒成瘾的标准,国际医学界持"病态说"的观点,但在中国适用的标准有着不凡的历程。公复[1998]3号文对吸毒成瘾采用"行为说"标准,规定只要有证据证明有吸毒行为就可认定为吸毒成瘾。随着"采取各种措施帮助吸毒人员戒除毒瘾,教育和挽救吸毒人员"的戒毒方针在《禁毒法》中的确立,《吸毒成瘾认定办法》也从医学角度对吸毒成瘾进行了重新审视,采纳了吸毒成瘾"病态说"的观点。