Trade and the environment in North America

Environmental assessments of trade agreements remain in its infancy, and demonstrate that trade in itself will not green our economies. By examining various aspects of the environmental effects of trade in North America, this special issue not only contributes to deepening our understanding of the key issues in the trade and environment debate, but also helps to formulate mutually supportive trade and environmental policies.     

“Yardsticks” for Victim Sensitive Process: Principle-Based Standards for Gauging the Integrity of Restorative Justice Process

For almost two decades restorative justice practices have demonstrated positive impacts on crime victim satisfaction when compared to court and other adversarial processes. Although restorative justice practice has by no means addressed the myriad needs of the majority of crime victims, researchers and policy makers have puzzled about how to interpret these generally positive findings. We suggest that remaining difficulties in interpretation and application of findings are due largely to (1) the lack of clear standards for gauging the integrity, or “restorativeness,” of interventions and (2) the failure to articulate logical mechanisms (i.e., intervention theories) that connect practices to immediate and intermediate outcomes, and these outcomes to long term changes in the well-being of victims, offenders, and communities. This article focuses primarily on the first problem, defining the “independent variable” in restorative practices aimed at having an impact on crime victims. Using qualitative data from a national case study, a principle-based approach to evaluation with implications for intervention theory and both input and outcome measures in future research is proposed and briefly illustrated.     

环氧煤沥青用于埋地管道防腐的适用性分析

根据生产实践和管道防腐涂料的发展状况 ,结合埋地管道涂层的国际规范RP0 6 19的规定和该涂层的国内技术规范 ,分析了该涂层对城市埋地管道防腐工程存在的问题和弊端。     

我国刑事诉讼制度如何跟上WTO时代的步伐

当前我国正面临加入世贸组织的新形势,如何更好地承担执行刑事诉讼国际准则的义务,是我国刑事司法领域急待解决的问题.本文从分析我国刑事诉讼制度与国际准则的差距入手,提出了创造条件加快与国际接轨进程的意见及对策.     

完善我国辩护制度研究

以国际司法准则为标准来完善我国的辩护制度势在必行。首先,犯罪嫌疑人在侦查阶段可以委托辩护人、被讯问时有权要求律师在场;其次,要修改《刑事诉讼法》第38条,废止《刑法》第306条;同时,赋予律师执业司法豁免权和保守职业秘密的特权,落实阅卷权,重新设置律师纪律诉讼机制等。     

异种移植法律问题初探

异种移植在人体器官严重供不应求的情况下受到研究者执着的追求,但异种移植的潜在风险是巨大的,由此提出了不可回避的安全性问题,国外异种移植安全保障的立法实践对我国异种移植立法有重要的参考价值。此外,考虑到异种移植的特殊性,我国在立法时应特别关注异种移植的研究准则和动物保护问题。     

Tariff liberalization and product standards: Regulatory chill and race to the bottom?

Does tariff liberalization cause regulatory chill by putting downward pressure on health, safety, and environmental standards? Or does it cause a race to the top as governments seek to use standards as nontariff barriers to trade? There remains remarkably little empirical evidence to answer these long-debated questions. We seek to address this lack by analyzing annual country-by-industry data on notifications of changes in sanitary and phytosanitary standards by world trade organization members. Our results suggest that the impact of increased trade pressure depends on whether domestic producers are likely to gain or lose from a change in standards. Regulatory chill is the dominant response in most countries, but countries in which producers can adapt to standards relatively cheaply appear to race to the top. Consequently, tariff liberalization encourages divergence in standards across countries.     

保险纠纷样态与法价值因求：以司法归责标准为限度

保险产品的多样化与经营机制并未有机相辅,新《保险法》仍未修订的原则性条款使司法主体在保险诉讼案件中难以掌握具体法律标准,司法裁判的结果不能有效均衡保险争讼双方的权义配置,须在民商法和经济法双重法律范畴内考察保险关系,以保险立法理论和价值理念为进路确立保险纠纷解决的归责标准。     

Seed laws,certification and standardization: outlawing informal seed systems in the Global South

A series of relatively new seed laws are becoming novel mechanisms of accumulation by dispossession in agriculture. Many researchers have argued that intellectual property rights (IPR) laws that apply to living materials dispossess people of seeds by privatizing germplasm. What these authors have not addressed is the role that non-IPR-related seed laws play in the seed enclosure. I argue that we should pay more attention to the implications of seed laws and regulations that do not deal directly with IPR issues, because they are also being used to outlaw practices that are necessary for the functioning of informal seed systems. As a result, they are setting the stage for the further erosion of seed sovereignty and are becoming an additional threat to an already waning agro-biodiversity, with direct consequences for farmers’ livelihoods. These seed laws establish certification requirements and quality standards for the marketing and/or exchange of seeds. I use the example of contemporary Colombian seed politics to illustrate how and why certification requirements and quality standards are currently being introduced throughout the Global South. I draw on insights from the standards literature in order to explain the power, limitations and consequences of these laws.     

诉讼证明标准的当代思考

诉讼证明标准运用范围之广,运用主体之众,决定其在诉讼法学和证据法学中占有重要的地位,但由于我国“重实体轻程序”的一贯传统,以及以往一系列政治、哲学的传统因素,使诉讼证明标准的研究没有得到长足的进展。随着近年司法改革的迅猛发展,诉讼证明标准开始成为法学界关注的焦点。