Food Brexit and Chlorinated Chicken: A Microcosm of Wider Food Problems

This paper situates food safety concerns raised in the Brexit debate since the referendum and suggests that, although the issue of chlorinated chicken entered public discourse, it represents wider concerns about food safety standards. Food safety has had high resonance in the UK since the 1980s, but Brexit shows how it connects to wider concerns also raised about Brexit, such as impacts on healthcare, the effects of austerity on food poverty, the limitations of low waged employment, concerns about migration and labour markets, and regional economic disparities. Brexit’s impact on the UK food system is immense because food has been highly integrated into EU governance. While food standards can be portrayed as a single narrow issue, the paper suggests it provides a useful lens with which to examine, interrogate and comprehend these wider Brexit politics. The complex realities of food politics and wider food system dynamics undermine any simplistic political narrative of ‘taking back control’.     

Production goes global,compliance stays local: Private regulation in the global electronics industry

Poor working conditions in global supply chains have led to private initiatives that seek to regulate labor practices in developing countries. But how effective are these regulatory programs? We investigate the effects of transnational private regulation by studying Hewlett‐Packard's (HP) supplier responsibility program. Using analysis of factory audits, interviews with buyer and supplier management, and field research at production facilities across seven countries, we find that national context – not repeated audits, capability building, or supply chain power – is the key predictor of workplace compliance. Quantitative analysis shows that factories in China are markedly less compliant than those in countries with stronger civil society and regulatory institutions. Comparative field research then illustrates how these local institutions complement transnational private regulation. Although these findings imply limits to private regulation in institutionally poor settings, they also highlight opportunities for productive linkages between transnational actors and local state and society.     

Governing health and safety at lower tiers of the computer industry global value chain

Global brands remain under increasing pressure to ensure labor standards and codes of conduct are met by their suppliers. Little is known about how this is addressed by lower tier suppliers. We investigate whether, and how, occupational health and safety standards permeate down the computer industry value chain. We compare first and second tier suppliers' engagement with a private voluntary industry code, the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct, and the publicly regulated European Union Directive on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances. We find the industry code absent at the lower tier, yet second tier suppliers do implement the European Union Directive. This is achieved without support from public agencies or global value chain linkages. Our findings question the emphasis placed on chain governance in studies of labor compliance in global value chains, and suggest that alternative and complementary approaches may be required for effective labor compliance throughout the value chain.     

Promoting Data Protection Standards through Contracts: The Case of the Data Security Council of India

Data protection has emerged as a major corporate and government concern worldwide. The focus is on secure handling of data so as to ensure privacy of customer data and security of corporate data. Privacy and security laws in countries are not harmonized; compliance regulations are different too. As the global hub of outsourcing, India is faced with a challenge of demonstrating compliance with varying compliance regulations in countries. The Data Security Council of India (DSCI) considers the Best Practices Approach as a practical and realistic way to enhance adherence to data security and privacy standards, and to enable a service provider to demonstrate compliance. Getting these standards recognized through contracts can promote data protection. An industry association can act as a third party self‐regulatory organization to promote these standards and enforce them among its members through certification or privacy seals, thereby helping implement data protection in international data flows.     

Policy Tool Interactions and the Adoption of State Renewable Portfolio Standards

We contribute to extant policy theory by focusing on interrelationships between existing policies and innovation. In particular, we call attention to the link between supply‐side incentives and demand‐side innovation, which has not been systematically investigated. Our research expectation is that supply‐side policies generally will complement demand‐side policy, leading to a positive impact on the adoption of demand‐side innovations. We test this idea by examining adoptions of renewable portfolio standards (RPS), a demand‐pull approach targeted to renewable energy generation by utilities, in the American states from 1991 to 2008. Event history models show that an index of supply‐side financial incentives has a strong positive influence on RPS adoption. We do not find support for the hypothesis that this effect is contingent on in‐state carbon‐based energy generation. In conclusion, we argue that the study of policy adoption needs to give greater consideration to the interrelationships among policy instruments.     

完善惩治和预防腐败体系：含义与评估标准构想

完善的惩治和预防腐败体系,应是惩治和预防腐败体系建设规划的各项工作任务圆满完成、目标完满实现;惩治和预防腐败体系建设质量达标、运行良好;功能作用突出、达到预期效果的科学有效的体系。惩治和预防腐败体系的评价标准主要由惩治和预防腐败体系对生产力发展的保护和促进作用,对于社会主义市场经济体制的适应性;惩治和预防腐败体系与管理和治理的依存度、融合度,与相关主体、要素之间的协调性;惩治和预防腐败体系自身的整体稳定性及控制腐败的效能和人民群众对于反腐败的满意度几方面构成。     

无效行政行为的判定标准研究

无效行政行为是一个重要的行政法治实践问题。我国目前的行政法制度中尚没有建立起相关制度,尤其没有建立起无效行为判定标准制度。理论界将无效行政行为的判定标准作了理论化、对应化、体系化、抽象化的处理,是存在一定误区的。无效行政行为的判定标准应当具有认知性、法定性、具体性和可操作性。基于此,无效行政行为可依据如下任一标准来判定：没有事实支持、法律依据模糊、无运行程序、行政相对人不知和适用法律无推论过程。     

基于法学视角的环境标准问题研究

环境标准属于技术性法律规范,其技术性决定了必须由专家参与,但其作为制度规范价值意义上的考量,在制定主体、制定程序以及颁布生效方面,都离不开法学视角的审视。     

捕后继续羁押必要性审查标准探究

文章立足于检察机关侦查监督工作实际,借鉴现有法律关于逮捕必要性标准的合理规定,并参照新刑事诉讼法关于羁押必要性的相关条款,厘清捕后继续羁押必要性的概念,对捕后羁押必要性的审查标准的设定原则进行了剖析,并从有继续羁押必要和无继续羁押必要两个方向对该审查标准的维度和详细内容作出一些设想。     

论刑事和解的适用范围

刑事和解的价值应从公平正义价值、刑法的人道性、效益价值等角度去分析。为充分实现刑事和解的功能,在当前缺乏统一规范的情况下,应综合考虑现行法律规定、我国国情及操作可行性等因素,通过界定一定标准来确定刑事和解的具体适用范围。