Testing the impact of group offending on behavioural similarity in serial robbery

Behavioural case linkage assumes that offenders behave in a similar way across their crimes. However, group offending could impact on behavioural similarity. This study uses robbery data from two police forces to test this by comparing the behavioural similarity of pairs of lone offences (LL), pairs of group offences (GG) and pairs of offences where one crime was committed alone and the other in a group (GL). Behavioural similarity was measured using Jaccard's coefficients. Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to examine differences between the three categories within the linked samples. No statistically significant differences were found for linked GG compared to linked LL pairs. However, differences emerged between GL and the other categories for some behaviours (especially control) suggesting caution should be applied when linking group and lone offences committed by the same perpetrator. Differences between linked and unlinked pairs were assessed using receiver operating characteristic. The results suggest it is possible to distinguish between linked and unlinked pairs based on behaviour especially within the GG and LL categories. There were, however, fewer significant findings for the GL sample, suggesting there may be issues linking crimes where the offender commits one crime as part of a group and the other alone.     

Reforming the French welfare state: Solidarity,social exclusion and the three crises of citizenship

The article explores recent debates about citizenship and social provision in France. It examines the essential concepts comparable to ‘social citizenship’, as understood in British debates, and the role that they have played in the development of the French welfare state. Its conclusions are threefold. First, social provision in France is founded on the principle of solidarité, which holds that all citizens face a series of social risks (unemployment and illness) that make them dependent on one another. Second, as the traditional insurance principle (the core of the French welfare state) is founded on socio‐economic conditions (concerning the nature of social interdependence and social risk) that no longer exist, the emergence of these social ills has led to not one but three crises of citizenship: a crisis of coverage, of legitimacy and of participation. Third, while it is too early to draw definitive conclusions, recent policy reforms suggest that the difficulties faced by French welfare are encouraging moves towards the British model of tax‐based (rather than insurance‐based) financing of social provision.     

外部治理机制对银行业绩影响的实证研究

本文从贷款合约延续性出发,指出在贷款合约延续期间,外部要素市场以及法律法规环境可以通过作用于借款公司财务健康的方式,间接影响银行的业绩,这是一种完全有别于传统理论的间接银行外部治理理论。并且,本文还利用我国61家城市商业银行2005-2009年度数据对该理论进行了实证检验,结果发现,一般公司的外部要素市场竞争以及法律法规环境完善的确改善了银行业绩,从而也证实了本文提出的理论。     

聚众哄抢财物与聚众“打砸抢”的刑法教义学

聚众哄抢财物行为通常成立聚众哄抢罪;哄抢使用中厂房的物资设备的,是聚众哄抢罪与破坏生产经营罪的想象竞合犯,以聚众哄抢罪定罪处罚;聚众是与哄抢并列的行为或者是哄抢行为的方式或状态,说明了聚众哄抢罪的必要共同犯罪特征;成立聚众哄抢罪未必要有首要分子组织、策划或纠集;聚众哄抢罪的对象是他人占有的动产或者不动产中可以分离的部分;哄抢的本质是公然抢夺或盗窃;不符合聚众哄抢罪的哄抢财物行为可认定为抢夺罪或盗窃罪;聚众哄抢罪与抢夺罪、盗窃罪的共犯有差异;哄抢人采取对人暴力或胁迫等方式,压制被害人反抗而哄抢财物的成立抢劫罪,聚众哄抢罪可以成立事后抢劫;聚众"打砸抢"是聚众实施某些寻衅滋事行为的特别规定;"致人伤残、死亡"应限制解释为聚众"打砸"人所致;"毁坏或者抢走公私财物"是抢劫罪的法律拟制,首要分子以外的人成立寻衅滋事罪(或与敲诈勒索罪、聚众哄抢罪、故意毁坏财物罪等的想象竞合犯)。     

商业银行社会责任的兴起及其督促机制的完善

伴随着商业银行社会责任运动的全球兴起,我国商业银行践行社会责任的问题也引起政府相关部门、行业组织以及社会大众的关注。在这种情势下,国内银行纷纷采取行动回应这个问题。不过,从实践来看,在这场已略显“喧嚣”的国内商业银行社会责任运动中,“督促机制”所存在的缺陷始终制约着运动的实际效果。为此,建立“硬法”与“软法”并施、外部督促力量与内控督促制度相结合的“督促机制”是提升国内商业银行践行社会责任之效果的重要方面。     

试论公共厕所抢劫案件的侦防对策

近年来在公共厕所实施抢劫的案件时有发生。此类案件具有如下特点：作案地点精心选择,作案时间呈现较强的规律性,犯罪对象明确,犯罪主体集团化。应充分利用媒体的作用．及时发布发案信息,提醒公众注意防范;应加强侦查快速反应机制,及时串并案件,并加强证据意识;应加强公众自我防范意识教育,以掌握应对方法。     

抢劫罪理论研究六十年

建国60年来,刑法学界对于我国实践中常见多发的抢劫犯罪进行了卓有建树的研究。研究历程大致可以分为如下三个阶段：第一阶段是新中国成立后至1979年刑法典颁布之前;第二阶段是自1979年刑法典的颁布至1997年刑法典的出台;第三阶段是1997年刑法典出台至今。研究的主要内容包括：典型抢劫罪的基本犯形态的客观特征、典型抢劫罪的加重形态、“携带凶器抢夺”的认定、转化型抢劫的认定、“聚众打砸抢”以抢劫罪认定的理解、抢劫罪的对象、抢劫罪的既遂与未遂的区分、抢劫罪的刑罚配置等。这些研究,对于丰富抢劫罪的刑法理论、指导司法实践均起到了积极的作用。     

防范以银行卡密码为突破口的犯罪侵害

当前,银行卡使用密码的便捷性与安全性的矛盾日益突出。人为设置密码的安全性受制于设置者的智力水平和对安全性能考虑的周密程度,人为设置密码的经常变更也无法抵御随时可能发生的密码被窃取或者骗取的风险。非法获取他人密码是“前置性犯罪”,而获取他人密码之后的犯罪活动可称为“后发性犯罪”。应当在《个人信息保护法》中明确对密码的特别保护,进一步明确银行在保护客户密码安全方面的义务,努力创造条件对银行账户采用生理纹线识别技术。     

信用担保机构与商业银行合作问题的探讨

企业信用担保体系的建立和有效运转有赖于商业银行与担保机构的积极配合。信用担保机构和商业银行合作的条件是,政府每年应有一定量的资金用于补偿担保机构的代偿损失,使企业不发生客观违约。当前,我国信用担保机构与商业在合作实践中还面临诸多现实障碍。加强立法和政策导向、明确政府出资责任和建立资信评级制度是发展我国银保合作的基本对策。