Protecting personal data in wartime: The destruction of the alphabetic tabulators in Oslo

As a contribution to this special issue of CLSR, Jon Bing offers a unique wartime account of one of the earliest attempts to prevent ‘online processing’ of personal data by the occupying authorities for oppressive purposes.     

Identification and analyses of female civilian victims of the 1991 war in Croatia from the Glina and Petrinja areas

Introduction

The process of recovering and identifying human remains from individual and mass graves has proven to be the most effective method of resolving the fate of missing individuals in the former Yugoslavia. These efforts have two primary objectives: medicolegal—to identify the cause of death, and humanitarian—to bring closure to living family members, thus supporting the human rights of both the living and the deceased. From 1996 to the present, the remains of 388 individuals killed during the 1991 War in Croatia were recovered from the Glina and Petrinja areas (Sisa?ko–Moslova?ka County). The purpose of this paper is to report on the demographic and taphonomic characteristics of the recovered remains, and identify factors responsible for the discrepancy in the identification ratios.

Methods

To identify factors potentially responsible for the noted discrepancy, data were collected on the taphonomic characteristics of the recovered remains, the types of burials, as well as the factors responsible for positive identification. These factors included: forensic DNA testing, dental criteria, special signs (healed fractures, etc.), clothing and personal artifacts.

Results

The age distributions between males and females in the sample are significantly different. The mean age-at-death for males is 51.6 years, for females 67.0 years. In both sexes the majority of identifications (62.9% in females and 45.9% in males) were established through a combination of biological and non-biological features. In terms of the types of graves from which the bodies were recovered, positive identification in both sexes was lowest in mass graves (61.2% for males, and 84.2% for females). Females from mass graves were, however, better preserved than males—36.6% of males recovered from mass graves were completely skeletonized, while the same was true for only 19.3% of females (χ² = 7.06, P < 0.029). Completely skeletonized remains were identified in only 65.1% of cases, while partially skeletonized and saponified bodies were identified in 80.1% of cases.

Conclusion

Since positive identification in both sexes is strongly correlated with preservation of the bodies, the reason why female identification frequencies in the Glina and Petrinja regions are higher than male frequencies lies in the fact that females recovered from mass graves were better preserved than males recovered from mass graves. Identification of the factors responsible for this is a challenge that needs to be resolved in future studies.     

社区禁毒工作思路探析

毒品问题是我国乃至世界所面临的一个重大的社会问题。禁毒冶理是一项规模宏大的社会性综合治理工程,关系到国家的长治久安,而社区禁毒是其中的一个重要组成部分。在科学发展观的指导下,充分利用社区的组织、人力、文化、教育等资源,全方位、多角度地开展禁毒斗争,是禁毒的有效途径。     

中国抗战与日本南进政策的选择

二战中日本选择南进政策的根本动因何在？从全局上看,日本选择南进与中国抗战有必然的联系。正是中国抗战促使日本放弃了北进,而不得不贸然南进。南进既是日本帝国主义的无奈之举,又是破釜沉舟之策,由此注定了日本的最终失败。从这种意义上说,日本帝国主义的失败始于侵华战争。     

Comparing Putin’s and Brezhnev’s Policies toward the Middle East

This article compares Moscow’s and Washington’s foreign policies toward the Middle East in 1982 and 2008. In 1982, Moscow and Washington each had a distinct set of friends and foes. In 2008, Washington still has a distinct set of friends and foes, but Moscow has relatively good relations with all governments and most major opposition movements in the region—the only exceptions being Al Qaeda and its affiliates. It is argued that Putin’s policy toward the Middle East is not really aimed at displacing the U.S. in the region, but protecting Russia and Russian interests from Al Qaeda and its allies. Indeed, a continued American presence in the region serves to protect Russian interests in the region.

不正当竞争犯罪概念探析

不正当竞争犯罪是指经营者为排挤竞争对手,违反国家反不正当竞争法的规定,以不正当竞争手段,损害其他经营者的合法权益,破坏市场经济主体间的公平竞争秩序,情节严重,依刑法应受刑罚处罚的行为.界定不正当竞争犯罪应遵循犯罪概念及其基本特征为指导、体现特殊性、明确性三个原则.     

从科索沃战争看冷战后美国的军事战略

科索沃战争作为美国推行其全球战略的一个重大步骤,从一个侧面反映了冷战后美国军事战略的内容与实质。这场战争初步暴露了冷战后美国“塑造、反应、准备”新军事战略的主要矛盾。“新干涉主义”则已成为推行其全球战略的一种新形式。     

鸦片战争前后的汉奸问题初探

汉奸问题曾一度成为鸦片战争前后中国一个较为突出的社会问题。从受外国侵略者驱使出卖祖国利益的不同行径看,鸦片战争前后的汉奸大致可分成五类即转卖鸦片者、接济逆夷者、煽惑百姓者、充作内应者、贿夷乞降者。清政府对汉奸的防范措施主要有加强对出海民船的管理;严格军队营门管理,实行暗号制度;加大暗查力度等。清政府对汉奸的处置措施主要有就地正法;递回原籍,责令地方官严加管束;“化奸为良”等。     

相对贫困是外来人口犯罪的一个重要因素

贫困是导致犯罪的重要原因。相对贫困导致外来人口犯罪的客观原因包括经济因素、控制机制因素、地缘因素、就业因素和社会消极因素;主现原因包括心理承受力和心态、受教育程度。外来人口犯罪的特点表现为作案手段简单,随意性和流动性大,以宗亲或同乡关系为纽带结伙作案。作案类型主要是盗窃、抢劫、诈骗和伤害。抑制外来人口犯罪应发展经济,有效地控制贫富差距,防止两级分化;坚持精神文明与物质文明一起抓,保持社会全面、协调地发展;教育农民;完善城市治安防范控制机制。     

"零容忍"警务政策与"打早打小"警务政策的比较分析

"零容忍"警务政策是从社会大众平时最为关心和感受最深的轻微违法犯罪入手,严厉打击,不让其有机会转变为重大犯罪,进而控制犯罪率."打早打小"警务政策是当犯罪行为处于萌芽状态和初始阶段时,就及时予以打击,不让其膨胀成为影响社会治安、影响群众安全感的"肿瘤".使犯罪活动处于可控状态.上海公安机关实施的"打早打小"警务政策借鉴了"零容忍"警务政策及其战略、战术,确保了一方平安,为上海经济持续发展、社会持续稳定提供了强有力的保障.