国外经验背景下我国劳动者职业安全的法律保护

近年来,在我国经济快速增长的背后却隐藏着越来越严重的职业安全问题。保护劳动者的职业安全权是对人的生命权和健康权的强调,劳动者职业安全权的保护应借鉴国外相关立法经验,继续完善现有立法,尽早建立独立的职业安全法律体系,把现有的法律法规系统化;加大处罚力度,完善处罚机制;针对目前职业安全卫生监察立法和执法方面存在的不足,加强劳动监察。     

“性恶论”视野下之职务犯罪问题思考

我国的主流思想历来坚信人性本善,然而在职务犯罪中,对人性的过于信任,难免会让人陷入道德理想主义的泥潭,这不利于职务犯罪的惩治和预防。将性恶论的思想引入职务犯罪体系,一方面,可以促使监督者以看待犯罪嫌疑人的姿态来审视权力者,这有利于监督者加大对权力运行的监督力度;另一方面,公职人员也会以权力的危险性来认识权力,这有利于公职人员在行使职权时提高警惕,时刻自我监督和自我内省。     

Mental health legislation and human rights in England, Wales and the Republic of Ireland

In 2005, the World Health Organization (WHO) published its Resource Book on Mental Health, Human Rights and Legislation (Geneva: WHO) presenting a detailed statement of human rights issues which need to be addressed in national legislation relating to mental health. The purpose of this paper is to determine the extent to which revised mental health legislation in England, Wales (2007) and Ireland (2001) accords with these standards (excluding standards relating solely to children or mentally-ill offenders).Legislation in England and Wales meets 90 (54.2%) of the 166 WHO standards examined, while legislation in Ireland meets 80 standards (48.2%). Areas of high compliance include definitions of mental disorder, relatively robust procedures for involuntary admission and treatment (although provision of information remains suboptimal) and clarity regarding offences and penalties Areas of medium compliance relate to competence, capacity and consent (with a particular deficit in capacity legislation in Ireland), oversight and review (which exclude long-term voluntary patients and require more robust complaints procedures), and rules governing special treatments, seclusion and restraint. Areas of low compliance relate to promoting rights (impacting on other areas within legislation, such as information management), voluntary patients (especially non-protesting, incapacitated patients), protection of vulnerable groups and emergency treatment. The greatest single deficit in both jurisdictions relates to economic and social rights.There are four key areas in need of rectification and clarification in relation to mental health legislation in England, Wales and Ireland; these relate to (1) measures to protect and promote the rights of voluntary patients; (2) issues relating to competence, capacity and consent (especially in Ireland); (3) the role of “common law” in relation to mental health law (especially in England and Wales); and (4) the extent to which each jurisdiction wishes to protect the economic and social rights of the mentally ill through mental health legislation rather than general legislation.It is hoped that this preliminary analysis of mental health legislation will prompt deeper national audits of mental health and general law as it relates to the mentally ill, performed by multi-disciplinary committees, as recommended by the WHO.     

从多层次到多支柱:养老保障体系改革再思考

在对多层次养老保险体系反思的基础上,从多支柱理论和我国现实国情出发,构建了以多支柱为核心特征的养老保障体系。零支柱:以低收入者和农民为对象的普惠制国民养老金,旨在防止老年贫困。第一支柱:以正式就业者为对象,由基本养老保险社会统筹部分改造而来的基本养老金,目标在于保障就业者退休后的基本生活,突出社会再分配。第二支柱:以正式就业者为对象,由基本养老保险个人账户部分和企业年金计划合并而来的职业年金计划,使退休职工生活水平比单一的第一支柱有所改善,同时有助于应对老龄化危机。第三支柱:自愿性的个人养老储蓄计划,为有较高需求的高收入者提供的更高层次的保护。     

对一起职业病鉴定否定原诊断结论案例的分析

通过对一起经职业病鉴定后否定原诊断结论案例的分析,探讨如何正确运用和进一步完善职业病诊断与鉴定方面的法律、法规和标准,保护劳动者生命健康权益。     

职务犯罪的制度预防新论

职务犯罪是权力异化的产物,预防职务犯罪的关键在于通过制度建设来制约权力。科学、合理的预防职务犯罪的制度设计应当具有系统性和可操作性,通过建立并完善包括权力配置制度、权力运行制度、权力监督制度和法律惩治制度在内的制度体系,达到从根本上预防职务犯罪的目的。     

新华侨华人的职业结构及其影响因素——美国与加拿大的比较

本文用人口社会学理论分析了美国和加拿大新华侨华人的职业结构及影响因素.文章认为,20世纪70年代后进入美国和加拿大的华人应被视为新华侨华人.目前,海外华侨华人大约3500万,美国华人有330万,加拿大华裔有120万.美国和加拿大新增加的华人人口中,新华侨华人约占2/3.加拿大的新华侨华人主要集中在大城市,其中70%以上集中在多伦多、温哥华.19世纪至20世纪60年代美国华人移民基本上集中在西海岸地区,从1970年开始,华人集中而居的状况开始发生变化,区域分散化趋势日渐明显.美国和加拿大新华侨华人的职业结构总体上发生了巨大的变化,即由体力型向智力型转变,新华侨华人的经济地位也随之提高了很多.但是,新华侨华人中贫富差别严重.影响新华侨华人职业结构的因素有:美、加、中三国移民政策的调整放宽了对移民出入境的限制;华人人口结构发生的变化影响了其职业结构;知识结构的变化和劳动力市场也对新华侨华人职业结构产生了不可忽视的影响.     

警察职业心理危机及其干预机制研究

导致警察职业心理危机存在的原因主要有职业因素、个体因素和社会因素等三个方面.公安机关应建立一套系统、有效的警察阵业心理危机干预机制.其内容包括:加强对警察行业心理危机源的控制;培养警察的自我压弹能力;加强警察危机处理方式教育;训练警察利用社会支持的意识和能力;建立危机预警机制;加强应急性心理危机干预;专业干预队伍的建设与培养.     

警察职业承诺现状与影响因素研究

通过对某省493名警察的职业承诺调查,结果表明:1、警察情感承诺较低,规范承诺一般,继续承诺较高;2、性别对警察情感承诺有显著影响,对继续承诺影响十分显著,对规范承诺影响不显著;3、学历对警察规范承诺、继承承诺有显著影响,对情感承诺影响不显著;4、是否毕业于公安院校对警察规范承诺影响十分显著,对继续承诺有显著影响,对情感承诺影响不显著;5、警龄对警察情感承诺、规范承诺和继续承诺均存在显著影响。     

Resilience in Inner City Youth: Childhood Predictors of Occupational Status Across the Lifespan

The present prospective study has followed a cohort of inner city men from adolescence (14±2) until age 65. While previous studies of shorter duration have identified numerous childhood factors that powerfully influence outcomes in young adulthood, this study examined the effect of these well-documented prognostic factors on occupational status across the lifespan. Consistent with previous studies, childhood environmental protector factors and parental social class predicted occupational status at age 25 significantly, but showed progressively weaker prediction at ages 32, 47 and 65. Timely early childhood development proved over time to be a far more important predictor than childhood social environment in adulthood. Ana C. DiRago is a Psychology Ph.D. student in the Clinical Science and Psychopathology Research area. She is involved with the Minnesota Twin Family Study. Her research interests include resilience and behavioral genetics in mood and anxiety disorders. George E. Vaillant is a Professor at Harvard Medical School. He has spent the last 30 years as Director of the Study of Adult Development charting adult development and the recovery process of schizophrenia, heroin addiction, and alcoholism. George considers Dan Offer a friend and long distance teacher.