现代税制下的政府收益最大化:概念阐释

本文通过阐述公共产品的最优供给与政府总的净收益之间的联系来界定现代税制下的“政府收益最大化”,指出现代税制下的“政府收益最大化”是政府为了实现公共利益而优化公共产品供给的结果。“公共产品优化供给”的核心指标是纳税人提前支付了公共产品的生产成本后,在公共产品消费过程中不必二次付费。尽管这种“政府收益最大化”并非特定时空政府经济作为的描述,但是它所建立的规范性判断却可以为现代政府的财政决策提供参考或指导,从而有助于政府更好地服从于公共利益的安排。     

SARS与变法——关于社会危机、社会共识与法律变革的法社会学思考

SARS带来的冲击和变革是全方位且意义深远的。研究为什么危机可以推进和促成变法这个命题 ,其理论价值并不因SARS已经远离我们而有所减弱。变法是通过创设新的权利和义务对社会利益的进行重新分配。变法的目的 ,旨在适应社会生活的需要 ,协调不同利益集团的关系 ,增进社会整体的福利。政府与公众在利益上处于双赢格局 ,这是变法共识的重要基础和保障。     

联合国经济制裁中的人权保护问题研究

联合国经济制裁通常以安理会决议的形式出现,安理会决议具有法律效力,各国有义务全面、严格地执行安理会决议。安理会决议应当遵循《联合国宪章》的宗旨及原则,不得与一般国际法强制规律相抵触。当一国出现严重侵犯人权的罪行并怠于履行人权保护义务时,安理会可以代表国际社会对其采取保障人权的必要措施。联合国制裁经历了从"传统制裁"到"聪明制裁"的转变。由于缺少对公正审判权的保护,各国执行"聪明制裁"面临选择困境。针对"聪明制裁"可能引发的人权危机,有必要从制度设计层面入手,明确安理会决议的授权范围,完善"和平之威胁"的判断标准,加强对各国执行安理会决议的监督与审查,保障制裁对象的公正审判权,建立多元化的人权保护救济渠道。在联合国经济制裁中加强人权保护,有利于积极应对国际安全形势变化,有利于促进和平解决国际争端,有利于推动构建人类命运共同体。     

我国刑事非法证据排除规则的立法现状及构想

刑事非法证据的采证问题,是立法机关、学术界争论的一个热点。对刑事非法证据如何抉择,关系到实 体真实与程序正当、控制犯罪与保障人权的价值取向,国家权力与公民权利之间利益冲突的权衡和刑事诉讼目的的实 现。建构我国刑事非法证据排除规则旨在推动我国刑事诉讼理论、立法与司法实务的科学化、民主化。     

Is institutionalization of the six-party talks possible?

During 2003 and 2004, after having successfully hosted two six-party talks and a round of working-group level meetings on the North Korean nuclear crisis, China pushed to institutionalize the talks. Such an initiative coming from China was a shock to the world, since it has long maintained a passive, negative and defensive posture against multilateral cooperative security arrangements. This article declares that China's idea to utilize the six-party talks as a steppingstone toward a multilateral cooperative security arrangement is premature. It argues that the first priority is to address the failure of the 1994 Agreed Framework with North Korea—what was, then, believed to be the solution for the North Korean nuclear crisis. This article dissects the failure and identifies one critical factor for the viability of any future peaceful resolution—the economic sanctions that the US has placed against North Korea for the past half-century. The authors argues that if the issue of sanctions is not addressed, the current six-party talks will not be successful.     

Τhe energy parameters of the Russian–Ukrainian–EU impasse: dependencies,sanctions and the rise of ‘Turkish Stream’

The overwhelming dependency of Ukraine on Russian energy and the lack of any short-to-medium term diversification of European Union (EU) oil and gas supplies away from Moscow dictate a cooperative approach vis-à-vis Russia in dealing with the Ukrainian crisis. The EU is unable to impose any more severe sanctions on Russia’s energy industry without provoking a major negative impact on its own troubled economy. The continuation of the current confrontational friction in EU–Russian energy relations will most likely consolidate Russia’s decision to seek the elimination of its gas transit dependence on Ukraine after 2020. Such a target will be very difficult to attain by the end of this decade, even if Russia will be able to partly replace the now abandoned South Stream project with Turkish Stream.     

To Arbitrate or To Litigate: That Is the Question

The benefits of interjurisdictional competition, particularly with a customary law option, are discussed. Arbitration can be a mechanism for choosing among systems of substantive law if effective sanctions back arbitration. Powerful groups capture wealth by manipulating monopolized law, however, and arbitrators' decisions must correspond with expectations about how they will be viewed under review if a coercive monopoly provides sanctions, so conditions necessary for establishing alternative sanctions are explored. Finally, historical efforts to eliminate or absorb customary commercial law are discussed in light of the analysis of interjurisdictional competition, and the potential for encouraging such competition in emerging markets is considered.