Contract Damages, Corrective Justice and Punishment

This article re-examines the established principle that contract damages compensate but do not punish from the theoretical perspective of corrective justice and, in particular, the version advocated by Professor Ernest Weinrib. Weinrib argues that corrective justice affirms the traditional view that contract damages should be circumscribed by compensatory functions, and the notion of punitive damages is inconsistent with the structure of corrective justice and hence contractual rights. The correctness of this conclusion depends, however, on what is understood by punishment. This article argues that punishment is not necessarily explicable only as a form of state punishment, but may (adopting the retributive idea of punishment expounded by Jane Hampton) also be understood as a form of correlatively-structured response that redresses the moral injury inflicted by one's conduct on another. If that is the case, punitive damages for breach of contract may be justified even within the framework of corrective justice.     

乐果亚急性暴露对大鼠胆碱酯酶浓度及细胞色素P450亚型表达量的影响

对6周龄雄性Wistar大鼠5次灌胃给予20%LD_(50)的乐果,观察给药后大鼠的毒性反应,每日测定实验鼠采食量、饮水量和体重。最后一次给药后第24 h,采用丁酰硫代胆碱法测定大鼠红细胞、血清和脑组织中的胆碱酯酶浓度,并采用定量RT-PCR法检测大鼠肝中细胞色素P450基因8个亚型的表达量。结果表明,大鼠用药后不同时间内出现了有机磷药物中毒的典型症状,其采食量、饮水量和体重明显下降,红细胞、血清和脑组织中胆碱酯酶浓度均明显低于对照组,肝细胞色素P450的8个亚型中CYP2B1/2的表达量明显高于对照组。     

丁丙诺啡的检验

目的建立检验丁丙诺啡的方法。方法用气质联用仪与高效TLC法进行定性分析。结果丁丙诺啡在展开剂苯∶正己烷∶二乙胺=40∶10∶10时,Rf值为0.55;环己烷∶丙酮=1∶1时,Rf值为0.35;质谱图保留时间为19.617min。结论本方法操作简便、准确,适合办案。     

绿色壁垒给我国出口贸易带来的困境及应对措施

绿色壁垒亦称环境壁垒,是国际贸易中一种重要的技术性贸易壁垒,业已对我国的出口贸易带来了严重危害。绿色壁垒给我国出口贸易带来的困境既有GATT/WTO相关法律规则自身缺陷的影响,也有各国经济利益保护目的的驱动,同时还在于我国自身的原因。因此,消除绿色壁垒必须从企业环保综合能力的提高、政府职能和非政府机构作用这三个层面入手,运用法律的、经济的、技术的手段予以克服。     

氰肽氟苯胺中毒的检验

<正> 氰肽氟苯胺(Gitalopam)为一种抗抑郁药,分子式为C_(20)H_(21)FN_(20),分子量324.397。其药物为外消旋混合物,商品为盐酸盐形式。服用该药4h,血中药物浓度达到峰值,其主要代谢物为N-去甲基氰肽氟苯胺。该药在欧洲应用较多,国外对该药的提取方法,多为液液萃取。作者曾遇到过1例因服用该药过量导致躁狂症发作,跳楼死亡案例,并结合这起案例的鉴定,初步建立了用固相萃取及GC/MS方法检验血中氰肽氟苯胺的最佳分析条件,成功地完成了案件的鉴定。     

利用GC—CI—MS／MS时间编程技术分析混合农药

目的研究生物组织中两种混合农药(敌敌畏、克百威)的痕量确认方法;方法采用时间编程方法和GC-CI-MS/MS技术,选择在共振方式下,用CI化学源在4min~6.5min以敌敌畏的分子离子(M 1)221为母离子进行MS/MS分析;结果其碰撞诱导电压为0.5v,产生的二级质谱子离子为141,145;在6.5min~13min以克百威的分子离子(M 1)222为母离子进行MS/MS分析,其碰撞诱导电压为0.4v,产生的二级质谱子离子为165,123;结论排除背景干扰、定性快而准确。     

GATT/WTO下的环境——贸易争端评析

随着国际环境法的发展 ,GATT/WTO受理的环境———贸易争端呈现出三个阶段的变化。发达国家扩展其国内环境法的域外效力而与致力于经济目标的发展中国家产生贸易冲突 ,使这类争端日益增多 ;GATT/WTO争端解决机构适用法律时逐渐接受环保理念 ;争端解决机制通过一系列改革逐步提高了处理环境与贸易交叉问题的能力。但是 ,GATT/WTO的贸易法原则和贸易争端解决机制决定了它不可能成为解决环境———贸易争端的理想机制。     

血中汽油成分的SPME-GC/MS/MS法分析

<正> 汽油的主要成分是低分子量高挥发性的低碳烃和甲苯、二甲苯等烷基苯,以及一些芳香族化合物。在以汽油为助燃剂的火灾现场,往往能从烧死尸体的血液中检测到汽油和其在燃烧分解过程中产生的碳氢化     

Analytical Challenge in Postmortem Toxicology Applied to a Human Body Found into a Lake after Three Years Immersion

The body of a 30‐year‐old woman was found in Como lake at a depth of about 120 meters in her own car after 3 years of immersion. The aim of this study was to evaluate psychoactive drugs as well as alcohol biomarkers in biological matrices. The following analyses were initially performed: GC‐MS systematic toxicological analysis on biological fluids and tissues; GC‐MS analysis of drugs of abuse on pubic hair; direct ethanol metabolite determination in pubic hair by LC‐MS/MS. After 7 years, the samples, that had been stored at ?20°C, were re‐analyzed and submitted to an LC‐MS/MS targeted screening method, using multiple reaction monitoring mode. These analyses detected citalopram (150–3000 ng/mL), desmethylcitalopram (50–2300 ng/mL), clotiapine (20–65 ng/mL), and ethyl glucuronide (97 pg/mg). The methods showed an acceptable reproducibility, and the concentrations of citalopram and desmethylcitalopram calculated through the two analytical techniques did not significantly differ in biological fluids.     

Defending What From Whom? Debating Citizen Disengagement

This article constitutes a pointed theoretical intervention in the debate opposing Richards and Smith to Flinders on the question of citizen disengagement. Its main contention is that Richards and Smith offer a straw‐man argument against Flinders by identifying him with positions he does not hold. It thus shows that Richards and Smith falsely identify Flinders with the following positions: (a) there is no need for a major overhaul in the UK's existing democratic and governance arrangements; (b) the problem of citizen disengagement is caused by the public's insatiable demand for democratic participation; and (c) the problem with British politics is that there is too much democracy and accountability. Finally, the article closes by identifying points of genuine tension between the Richards/Smith position and that defended by Flinders.