Yet another method for marking incisal edges of teeth for bitemark analysis

Over the years many methods have been proposed and presented for marking or "highlighting" the incisal edges of anterior teeth on a dental stone model -- one of the critical steps in production of transparent overlays for bitemark analysis. A method is presented here that is an extension and refinement of the "paint the edges" method shown at least as early as 1966 by Gustafson. This method uses "invisible ink" and ultraviolet illumination to produce a very high contrast image of the incisal edges of the teeth on the model. The advantages of this new method are that it is nondestructive, it does not leave visible marks on the models, operator subjectivity in selecting the portions of anterior teeth to be highlighted is reduced, and the author submits that this technique lends itself to easy construction of overlays using computer image-processing software such as Adobe Photoshop and ImageJ.     

Fingermarks development on gloves: Relative efficiency of 1,2 Indanedione/ZnCl2, ninhydrin and wet powder

Powder suspensions such as wet powder are used to develop fingermarks on adhesive surfaces. They can also be used on gloves but these ready-to-use commercial pre-mixed solutions are not entirely satisfactory. Among other things, they generate some background noise that can sometimes be substantial and make the exploitation of the fingermarks difficult. Recent studies have proven the effectiveness of a HFE ninhydrin solution on some types of gloves. Ninhydrin and 1,2-indanedione are reagents that are commonly used for the visualisation of fingermarks on porous and semi-porous substrates. Applying them on gloves might help to overcome the issue of background noise being produced by powder suspensions. In this study, several formulations of ninhydrin and 1,2-indanedione are compared to wet powder on a sample of nitrile, latex and vinyl gloves. The subsequent results show a greater effectiveness with the use of wet powder.     

驰名商标淡化及反淡化保护

驰名商标享有很高的信誉度和知名度,世界各国都通过各种措施对本国的驰名商标进行特别保护。驰名商标淡化是一种严重侵犯驰名商标权的行为,往往会危及驰名商标所有权人的商业信誉,从而最终侵害消费者的利益。驰名商标淡化在实践中主要有三种表现形式:弱化、丑化、退化。应通过多种方法完善我国的驰名商标反淡化保护制度。     

Photographic comparison of surface topography as a viable solution when physical match is challenging

Physical matching methods are a family of well‐known methods that are utilized in order to determine whether two pieces of a tearable/breakable material used to be one object. When performing physical match of polymers, it is sometimes difficult to reach an unambiguous conclusion. This is due to various reasons. One is when the tear/fracture resides in an inaccessible or hidden‐from‐view region of the piece. Another is when the shape of the tear/fracture at the object's tear/fracture line is insufficient for deducing a complete match. Third is deficiency of material along this line. These are examples of processes where the line is affected so drastically, so that a match renders impossible. Specifically, when addressing elastic materials, the tear/fracture line may even be squashed. This may also be a reason for difficulty in performing a physical match. In this paper, a method is proposed where a match is alternatively achieved by means of photographic comparison of marks on the surface topography of the pieces‐in‐question. Comparisons of pairs of torn pieces of silicon rubber were made. The procedure involved photography of the surface topography the pieces. Then, the photographs were horizontally mirror‐flipped. Lastly, a comparison was made between two photographs: a photograph of one piece and a mirror‐flipped photograph of the opposite piece. The results show that after comparing the pieces to one another, only one unique pair turned out to be positively matched. Using the proposed method, not only the comparison is done by a more informative method (comparing to physical match), it is also more convenient, faster, less expensive, and technically simpler.     

Tooth hop variability in human and nonhuman bone: Effect on the estimation of saw blade TPI

Forensic research has demonstrated that tooth hop (TH) is a valuable measurement from saw-cut bones as it can be used to estimate teeth-per-inch (TPI) of a saw used in postmortem dismemberment cases. However, error rates for TPI estimation are still under development and knowledge of how bone tissue affects TH measurements remains unclear. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of tissue variability through the use of different taxa on the accuracy and precision of TH measurements in the bone to estimate TPI of the blade. A total of 1766 TH measurements were analyzed from human, pig, and deer long bones cut by two 7 TPI saw blades of different tooth type. Fifty distance-between-teeth measurements before and after sawing were collected directly from each blade for comparison to bone-measured TH to assess potential effects of tooth wear on TH variability. ANOVA and F tests were used to compare mean TH and variance, respectively, by saw-species (i.e., crosscut-deer, rip-deer) and species groups (i.e., all deer, all pig), with significance determined at the p < 0.05 level. TH measurements were converted to usable TPI ranges, which would typically be presented in a forensic report. It is concluded that significant differences in TH (mm) do not necessarily reflect significant differences in associated TPI ranges of suspect blades. Forensic reports should report mean TPI ± 1.5–2.5 TPI while providing a sample size indicating number of TH measured rather than just number of cuts or cut surfaces examined.     

铜导线一次和二次短路熔痕的显微共聚焦激光拉曼光谱特征研究

目的 为了判定火灾发生的原因,依据激光拉曼光谱(RMS)能够反映出经过不同高温热处理炭材料的石墨化程度,以此来探索电气短路判定的技术依据.方法 利用显微共聚焦激光拉曼光谱仪对火灾中不同环境下生成的铜导线短路熔痕表面碳痕斑进行检测分析,利用碳痕斑两个拉曼特征位移峰的比值,计算不同短路熔痕表面碳化斑的石墨化度.结果 铜导线的一次短路、二次短路和火烧熔痕上残留碳斑石墨化度不同,一次短路熔珠碳痕的石墨化度R值最小,火烧熔痕的石墨化度R值最大.结论 该研究建立了显微激光拉曼光谱法无损检测分析铜导线短路熔痕的新方法.     

论特质文化与古镇文化旅游产品品牌建设

该文分析了商品的＂客观品质＂与消费者的＂主观品质＂之间的关系,认为对商品品质的认同最终会转化为对商业标记即品牌标识的认同,形成品牌效应,而商品品牌建设的基本进路是传播商品特色。因此,该文认为,古镇作为文化遗产也应当传播古镇文化旅游产品的特色文化,并提出古镇文化旅游产品以特质文化打造品牌的对策。     

以奥林匹克标志保护为契机完善我国知识产权保护制度

奥林匹克标志的法律保护方式主要有三种:第一种方式是以注册商标的形式加以保护,第二种是以单行法规的形式加以保护,第三种是以"官方标志"的形式加以保护.应该对奥林匹克标志进行法律上的综合保护.目前,中国对奥林匹克标志的保护主要还是以注册商标结合单行法规的方式进行,中国应该注重以"官方标志"的形式对奥林匹克标志进行保护,我国也应该借此契机完善我国的官方标志的知识产权保护制度.     

生活与图语——视觉设计与导向标识

随着社会经济的迅速发展,城市建设发生了日新月异的变化;生活中凡是用来传达空间概念的视觉符号和表现形式都有导向的作用,它具有指导和规范人们行为的作用和功能。导向图形、符号主要以视觉形象承载着信息传递的职能及文化沟通。优秀导向标识设计作为城市建设、城市交通、城市环境中的重要组成部分,有助于提升一个城市或企业的形象,提高其运转效率。     

地名资源商业化开发的法律秩序研究

我国是历史悠久、地大物博的文明古国,地名凝结着深厚的文化底蕴,承载着丰富的自然资源,具有巨大的商业开发价值。地名商业标志化实质上是将公共物品的某些要素变为私人物品,是公共资源的私有化、公权的私权化。这有助于创造商机,开拓市场,实现生产的专业化、产业化和规模化经营,增强我国商品和服务的国际竞争实力。但是,地名资源的商业开发必须尊重社会公共利益,依法有秩序、公平地进行,才能形成良性循环的生产经营环境。