立法伦理与算法正义——算法主体行为的法律规制

人类设计算法、运用算法的最终目的是为了增强自身解决问题的能力,进一步提升生活水平并优化社会结构.算法黑箱存在的前提预设是人类对因果关系的认知断裂,算法黑箱针对自动化决策过程中特定的算法用户.在一系列的数据代码背后是算法主体的行为目标和价值选择,不同价值选择加上算法的涌现性和自主性的复杂特质导致相关法律关系主体的权利冲突...     

民族性视野下的中国早期乡土文学之现代性求取

中国早期乡土文学是在启蒙理性的追求、时代的批判与俗世的阐述大背景中展开的。批判性主题的展现、理性价值的求取、乡土文化隐喻是早期乡土文学现代性特征的主要表证。早期乡土文学是乡土作家们带着理性的审视、反省态度进行文学创作的结果,是在民族性视野中"人的发现"启迪基础上的"故乡的发现"。比照30年代以后文学发展的历程,可以说,中国文学"走出中世纪"的标志是早期乡土作家站在民族性认同的话语背景中,在创作乡土文学时对文学现代性的求取。     

文牍理性:清代州县讼事的文书与程序

清代州县讼事虽无系统的法定程序,在实践中却自有一套章程。通过诉讼档案和官箴的相互参证,呈告、批发、查唤、诉禀、和息与审断、复禀与上控、具结等一系列程序得以重构。清代州县的讼事,以文书为核心,可以说"无文书,无诉讼"。并且,这些文书与程序呈现明显的互动结构,显示出浓厚的沟通理性。同时,不同诉讼环节有不同的文书,不同州县的文书又具有鲜明的共通性,这种高度的规范性正是帝制中国文牍理性的结晶。尽管从性质上说,清代州县的文书与程序属于一种前现代治理的文牍技术,但在现代法治来临之前,文牍理性可能是清代司法的最佳路径。     

安乐死的法律定义之思考

安乐死不能理解为“无痛处死” ,它不是“无痛致死术” ,也不是“特殊的死亡方式”。安乐死是一种优化的死亡状态 ,应当具有四个特有属性 ,其本质不是授人以死 ,而是授死者以安乐。安乐死可以分为主动安乐死和被动安乐死。     

“首次不罚”制度的法理思考——兼谈行政执法方式的完善

“首次不罚”制度得以合理存在的界域主要是制度实施的必要性与目的设定方面,其实质是将法律赋予执法主体的自由裁量权主动降低为零,但制度本身设计存在很大的不确定性,降低了执法主体的权威性,打破了法律上的平衡,并存在逆向选择的危险,其预期效果并不理想。只有在行政执法工作中坚持执法的原则性,讲究执法的艺术性,增加执法的服务性,方能达致“首次不罚”制度必要性与可行性的有机结合,实现制度设计的初衷。     

The influence of the type of accelerant, type of burned material, time of burning and availability of air on the possibility of detection of accelerants traces

The presented research consisted in a series of field experiments and laboratory analyses of obtained samples. Their aim was to investigate how different factors influence the possibility of identification of accelerant traces in conditions that are as similar as possible to those of real fires. The studied factors were: type of burned material, type of accelerant, length of time between lighting and extinguishing of fire and the air availability level. The obtained results show that, among investigated factors, the type of burned material has the greatest influence. The other factors, with regard to their influence, could be ranked in descending order as follows: ‘other’ (hard to determine and regulate factors), type of accelerant, time of burning and air availability. ‘Other’ factors include arrangement of the burned material and dispersion of the accelerant.     

探究行政自由裁量权

行政自由裁量权是行政权力中的重要组成部分。从法律层面和行政职权内容层面看,行政自由裁量权都有其存在的必然性,但它的合理存在并不表示这种权力能够被合理的运用。对行政自由裁量权应进行必要的控制和驯服,最佳手段是合理性控制。行政合理性控制的核心内容是通过立法规范、司法审查、提高行政机关工作人员的职业素质来规范行政权的行使。     

法院、检察院全面换装“2004式”警车的正当性问题探析

警车是警察身份和权力的象征，法院、检察院全面换装带有强烈警察色彩的“2004式”警车，不仅不具有法理上的正当性，而且极易产生一些误导和误识。从法治必须坚持形式理性与实质理性高度统一的观点来看，法院、检察院公务用车的外观设计必须以能体现各自的权力性质和职能特点为基本原则，不能简单地采取“拿来主义”。     

Speaking the truth

Suspicion regarding the notion of truth is a characteristic feature of much contemporary thought. Often this suspicion is based in a view that takes truth to be a notion associated with a discredited view of knowledge or with an oppressive and exclusionary politics. That the very possibility of knowledge, and so of our access to the truth, can be put in question and that truth itself always operates within a political dimension are not, of course, claims that can be denied. Nor can it be denied that knowledge, truth and power are closely tied together. But these considerations should prompt us to a reappraisal of the notion of truth that sees it as more, not less, significant. This paper is an attempt to begin such a reappraisal and to attend, not merely to the truth. Speaking the truth is not something the successful achievement of which can, in every case, be guaranteed in advance; yet neither is it something that we can abandon or ignore.